{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2961211208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","title":"Inferring Work Task Automatability from AI Expert Evidence","display_name":"Inferring Work Task Automatability from AI Expert Evidence","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2961211208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","mag":"2961211208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3306618.3314247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063524295","display_name":"Paul Duckworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-6919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Duckworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041121552","display_name":"Logan Graham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Logan Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002007044","display_name":"Michael A. Osborne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-012X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Osborne","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063524295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89321491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"485","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7437540292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7172033786773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6807109713554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6742907166481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6187642216682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5096051692962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.48233744502067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.4240458011627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4119876027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35729658603668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.32399725914001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.24922537803649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15151828527450562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7437540292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7172033786773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6807109713554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6742907166481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6187642216682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5096051692962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.48233744502067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4240458011627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4119876027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35729658603668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32399725914001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.24922537803649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15151828527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3306618.3314247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3306618.3314247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567643054","https://openalex.org/W1459599406","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1985683154","https://openalex.org/W2257942484","https://openalex.org/W2526781987","https://openalex.org/W2540189295","https://openalex.org/W2578287714","https://openalex.org/W2584164347","https://openalex.org/W2607054168","https://openalex.org/W2617160040","https://openalex.org/W2783386352","https://openalex.org/W2885623676","https://openalex.org/W2910345826","https://openalex.org/W2998991762","https://openalex.org/W3011144947","https://openalex.org/W3124827607","https://openalex.org/W3140384782","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301091646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2992534160","https://openalex.org/W1595058678","https://openalex.org/W3022812046","https://openalex.org/W2745830841","https://openalex.org/W3112082055","https://openalex.org/W1564680838","https://openalex.org/W2060591604","https://openalex.org/W2166791242","https://openalex.org/W3012440055","https://openalex.org/W2585162246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"growing":[1],"alarm":[2],"about":[3],"machine":[4,41,61,141],"learning":[5,62,142],"technologies":[6],"automating":[7],"jobs,":[8],"there":[9],"is":[10,132],"little":[11],"good":[12],"evidence":[13,129],"on":[14],"what":[15,131],"activities":[16,104,119],"can":[17],"be":[18,135],"automated":[19],"using":[20,137],"such":[21],"technologies.":[22],"We":[23,57,126,144],"contribute":[24],"the":[25,66,75,88,112,138,146],"first":[26],"dataset":[27],"of":[28,50,71,90,103,107,118,130,149,153],"its":[29],"kind":[30],"by":[31],"surveying":[32],"over":[33,47,91],"150":[34],"top":[35],"academics":[36],"and":[37,44,74,78,95,105,116,152],"industry":[38],"experts":[39],"in":[40,140],"learning,":[42],"robotics":[43],"AI,":[45],"receiving":[46],"4,500":[48],"ratings":[49],"how":[51,98],"automatable":[52,136],"specific":[53,113],"tasks":[54],"are":[55],"today.":[56],"present":[58],"a":[59],"probabilistic":[60],"model":[63,86],"to":[64,81,134],"learn":[65],"patterns":[67],"connecting":[68],"expert":[69],"estimates":[70],"task":[72],"automatability":[73,89],"skills,":[76,114],"knowledge":[77,115],"abilities":[79,117],"required":[80],"perform":[82],"those":[83],"tasks.":[84],"Our":[85],"infers":[87],"2,000":[92],"work":[93],"activities,":[94],"we":[96],"show":[97],"automation":[99],"differs":[100],"across":[101],"types":[102,106],"occupations.":[108],"Sensitivity":[109],"analysis":[110],"identifies":[111],"that":[120],"drive":[121],"higher":[122],"or":[123],"lower":[124],"automatability.":[125],"provide":[127],"quantitative":[128],"perceived":[133],"state-of-the-art":[139],"technology.":[143],"consider":[145],"societal":[147],"impacts":[148],"these":[150],"results":[151],"task-level":[154],"approaches.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}