{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2895580425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304110","title":"A Mixed Signal Architecture for Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"A Mixed Signal Architecture for Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2895580425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304110","mag":"2895580425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3304110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304110","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3304110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3304110","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004724074","display_name":"Qiuwen Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuwen Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064738995","display_name":"Chenyun Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-1728"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kensas, Kensas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kensas, Kensas, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037184528","display_name":"John McGuinness","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John McGuinness","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070051531","display_name":"Andr\u00e1s Horv\u00e1th","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-5547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31882830","display_name":"P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9kya57","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31882830"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andras Horvath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31882830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080526846","display_name":"Azad Naeemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4774-9046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azad Naeemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032564","display_name":"Michael Niemier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Niemier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600905","display_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-9738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X. Sharon Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8681,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85599189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8817421793937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6901256442070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6874697804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.6677824854850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.608810305595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5013372898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4975924789905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.49616822600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47041991353034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4332502484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.41975387930870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37656158208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3048039972782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23000526428222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19790500402450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.1523401141166687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8817421793937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6901256442070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6874697804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.6677824854850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.608810305595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5013372898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4975924789905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.49616822600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47041991353034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4332502484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.41975387930870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37656158208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3048039972782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23000526428222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19790500402450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.1523401141166687}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3304110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304110","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3304110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3304110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304110","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3304110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8243196571","display_name":"E2CDA: Type I: EXtremely Energy Efficient Collective ELectronics (EXCEL)","funder_award_id":"1640081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2895580425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2895580425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4919037","https://openalex.org/W398859631","https://openalex.org/W1491802337","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2006654769","https://openalex.org/W2014102223","https://openalex.org/W2034248562","https://openalex.org/W2040475153","https://openalex.org/W2056717940","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2066789378","https://openalex.org/W2069345435","https://openalex.org/W2087748124","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117148079","https://openalex.org/W2130416988","https://openalex.org/W2133773098","https://openalex.org/W2136318306","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2148206069","https://openalex.org/W2155815350","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2174613990","https://openalex.org/W2183631084","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2292208776","https://openalex.org/W2345813002","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2511743527","https://openalex.org/W2524119748","https://openalex.org/W2558350234","https://openalex.org/W2563860341","https://openalex.org/W2588666075","https://openalex.org/W2592389822","https://openalex.org/W2592547566","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2608111952","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2612915522","https://openalex.org/W2613205562","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2725159389","https://openalex.org/W2758121337","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2773141653","https://openalex.org/W2774486139","https://openalex.org/W2787759178","https://openalex.org/W2792893539","https://openalex.org/W2793168176","https://openalex.org/W2915935370","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2963893493","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W4243519499","https://openalex.org/W4245199738","https://openalex.org/W4251607986","https://openalex.org/W6679104658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282568311","https://openalex.org/W4313484792","https://openalex.org/W2951473296","https://openalex.org/W2883928845","https://openalex.org/W4288420200","https://openalex.org/W4285346947","https://openalex.org/W3145095675","https://openalex.org/W4365793791","https://openalex.org/W3134072570","https://openalex.org/W2171195786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,26,60],"network":[2,184],"(DNN)":[3],"accelerators":[4],"with":[5,86,95,166],"improved":[6],"energy":[7],"and":[8,21,45,75,110,114,124,133,140],"delay":[9],"are":[10],"desirable":[11],"for":[12,19,50,158,186],"meeting":[13],"the":[14,33,43,67,108,143,159,167,187],"requirements":[15],"of":[16,32,37,47,69],"hardware":[17],"targeted":[18],"IoT":[20],"edge":[22],"computing":[23],"systems.":[24],"Convolutional":[25],"networks":[27,61],"(CoNNs)":[28],"belong":[29],"to":[30,89,130,148,182],"one":[31],"most":[34],"popular":[35],"types":[36],"DNN":[38,169],"architectures.":[39],"This":[40],"article":[41],"presents":[42],"design":[44,116],"evaluation":[46],"an":[48],"accelerator":[49],"CoNNs.":[51],"The":[52],"system-level":[53],"architecture":[54,102],"is":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57],"mixed-signal,":[58],"cellular":[59],"(CeNNs).":[62],"Specifically,":[63],"we":[64],"present":[65],"(i)":[66],"implementation":[68],"different":[70],"layers,":[71],"including":[72],"convolution,":[73],"ReLU,":[74],"pooling,":[76],"in":[77,107,151,178],"a":[78,96,99],"CoNN":[79,84,105],"using":[80],"CeNN,":[81],"(ii)":[82],"modified":[83],"structures":[85],"CeNN-friendly":[87],"layers":[88],"reduce":[90],"computational":[91],"overheads":[92],"typically":[93],"associated":[94],"CoNN,":[97],"(iii)":[98],"mixed-signal":[100],"CeNN":[101],"that":[103,119],"performs":[104],"computations":[106],"analog":[109],"mixed":[111],"signal":[112],"domain,":[113],"(iv)":[115],"space":[117],"exploration":[118],"identifies":[120],"what":[121],"CeNN-based":[122],"algorithm":[123],"architectural":[125],"features":[126],"fare":[127],"best":[128],"compared":[129,165,181],"existing":[131],"algorithms":[132],"architectures":[134],"when":[135,164,180],"evaluated":[136],"over":[137],"common":[138],"datasets\u2014MNIST":[139],"CIFAR-10.":[141],"Notably,":[142],"proposed":[144],"approach":[145,173],"can":[146],"lead":[147],"8.7\u00d7":[149],"improvements":[150,177],"energy-delay":[152],"product":[153],"(EDP)":[154],"per":[155],"digit":[156],"classification":[157],"MNIST":[160],"dataset":[161],"at":[162],"iso-accuracy":[163],"state-of-the-art":[168],"engine,":[170],"while":[171],"our":[172],"could":[174],"offer":[175],"4.3\u00d7":[176],"EDP":[179],"other":[183],"implementations":[185],"CIFAR-10":[188],"dataset.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}