{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2915223648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303801","title":"Language as Thought","display_name":"Language as Thought","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2915223648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303801","mag":"2915223648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3303772.3303801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303801","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040736109","display_name":"Cathlyn Stone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cathlyn Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016898278","display_name":"Abigail Quirk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-9210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124113","display_name":"Character","ror":"https://ror.org/02pj41y46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abigail Quirk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Character Lab, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Character Lab, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073087174","display_name":"Margo Gardener","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margo Gardener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048970273","display_name":"Stephen Hutt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7041-7472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Hutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034664324","display_name":"Angela Duckworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124113","display_name":"Character","ror":"https://ror.org/02pj41y46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela L. Duckworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania and Character Lab, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania and Character Lab, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124113","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney K. D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040736109"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82785056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"320","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduation","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","score":0.6329229474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mindset","display_name":"Mindset","score":0.5891112089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5560061931610107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4566141963005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4386771619319916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-five-personality-traits","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","score":0.41883617639541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38223469257354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3733096122741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3591459393501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.34272685647010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.23573067784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.136563241481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13563242554664612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.6329229474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778491294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339824","display_name":"Mindset","level":2,"score":0.5891112089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5560061931610107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4566141963005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4386771619319916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.41883617639541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38223469257354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3733096122741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3591459393501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34272685647010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.23573067784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.136563241481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13563242554664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3303772.3303801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303801","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312133","display_name":"Walton Family Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05yh4rh25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312980","display_name":"Overdeck Family Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500772776","https://openalex.org/W1517094287","https://openalex.org/W1578237968","https://openalex.org/W1690056378","https://openalex.org/W1727290854","https://openalex.org/W1853636458","https://openalex.org/W1967735664","https://openalex.org/W1991524189","https://openalex.org/W1999349631","https://openalex.org/W2000117884","https://openalex.org/W2005390907","https://openalex.org/W2027875450","https://openalex.org/W2035785183","https://openalex.org/W2056606926","https://openalex.org/W2063202923","https://openalex.org/W2086044761","https://openalex.org/W2100772444","https://openalex.org/W2106716958","https://openalex.org/W2119595472","https://openalex.org/W2121167884","https://openalex.org/W2123327522","https://openalex.org/W2127841934","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2140910804","https://openalex.org/W2141911423","https://openalex.org/W2144131786","https://openalex.org/W2144223620","https://openalex.org/W2148916826","https://openalex.org/W2162298806","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2328553531","https://openalex.org/W2406501289","https://openalex.org/W2463210326","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2521200999","https://openalex.org/W2534808068","https://openalex.org/W2789293848","https://openalex.org/W2808127013","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2903358698","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W4234744528","https://openalex.org/W4293713156","https://openalex.org/W6718762083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281773849","https://openalex.org/W4239175313","https://openalex.org/W4386786145","https://openalex.org/W2908046332","https://openalex.org/W4232834483","https://openalex.org/W3009062738","https://openalex.org/W3192666801","https://openalex.org/W3163116104","https://openalex.org/W4389580136","https://openalex.org/W2153408742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"widely":[2],"acknowledged":[3],"that":[4,80,226],"the":[5,20,69,154,162,187,203],"language":[6,227],"we":[7,134],"use":[8],"reflects":[9],"numerous":[10],"psychological":[11,119],"constructs,":[12],"including":[13],"our":[14],"thoughts,":[15],"feelings,":[16],"and":[17,36,85,106,126,142,172,199,220],"desires.":[18],"Can":[19],"so":[21],"called":[22],"\"noncognitive\"":[23],"traits":[24,233],"with":[25,130,138,149,161,165,242],"known":[26],"links":[27],"to":[28,109,152,170,177,194],"success,":[29,237],"such":[30],"as":[31,140],"growth":[32,113],"mindset,":[33,114],"leadership":[34],"ability,":[35],"intrinsic":[37],"motivation,":[38],"be":[39,240],"similarly":[40],"revealed":[41],"through":[42],"language?":[43],"We":[44,67,93,224],"investigated":[45],"this":[46],"question":[47],"by":[48],"analyzing":[49],"students'":[50],"150-word":[51],"open-ended":[52],"descriptions":[53],"of":[54,103,183,189,215],"their":[55,64],"own":[56],"extracurricular":[57],"activities":[58],"or":[59],"work":[60],"experiences":[61],"included":[62],"in":[63,186,209],"college":[65,82,236],"applications.":[66],"used":[68,107,135],"Common":[70],"Application-National":[71],"Student":[72],"Clearinghouse":[73],"data":[74,84],"set,":[75],"a":[76,96,100,229],"six-year":[77,211],"longitudinal":[78],"dataset":[79],"includes":[81],"application":[83],"graduation":[86,212,222],"outcomes":[87,213],"for":[88,196,235],"278,201":[89],"U.S.":[90],"high-school":[91],"students.":[92],"first":[94],"developed":[95],"coding":[97,164],"scheme":[98],"from":[99,168,175],"stratified":[101],"sample":[102],"4,000":[104],"essays":[105],"it":[108],"code":[110],"seven":[111],"traits:":[112],"perseverance,":[115],"goal":[116],"orientation,":[117,128],"leadership,":[118],"connection":[120],"(intrinsic":[121],"motivation),":[122],"self-transcendent":[123],"(prosocial)":[124],"purpose,":[125],"team":[127],"along":[129],"earned":[131],"accolades.":[132],"Then,":[133],"standard":[136],"classifiers":[137],"bag-of-n-grams":[139],"features":[141],"deep":[143],"learning":[144],"techniques":[145],"(recurrent":[146],"neural":[147],"networks)":[148],"word":[150],"embeddings":[151],"automate":[153],"coding.":[155],"The":[156],"models":[157,204],"demonstrated":[158,205],"convergent":[159],"validity":[160,185,208],"human":[163],"AUCs":[166],"ranging":[167,174],".770":[169],".925":[171],"correlations":[173],".418":[176],".734.":[178],"There":[179],"was":[180],"also":[181],"evidence":[182],"discriminant":[184],"pattern":[188],"inter-correlations":[190],"(rs":[191],"between":[192],"-.206":[193],".306)":[195],"both":[197],"human-":[198],"model-coded":[200],"traits.":[201],"Finally,":[202],"incremental":[206],"predictive":[207],"predicting":[210],"net":[214],"sociodemographics,":[216],"intelligence,":[217],"academic":[218],"achievement,":[219],"institutional":[221],"rates.":[223],"conclude":[225],"provides":[228],"lens":[230],"into":[231],"noncognitive":[232],"important":[234],"which":[238],"can":[239],"captured":[241],"automated":[243],"methods.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
