{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2936682049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301506.3301526","title":"Automatic Prediction of the Conversion of Clinically Isolated Syndrome to Multiple Sclerosis Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Automatic Prediction of the Conversion of Clinically Isolated Syndrome to Multiple Sclerosis Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2936682049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301506.3301526","mag":"2936682049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3301506.3301526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301506.3301526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on Video and Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084448329","display_name":"H. M. Rehan Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-2351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087646","display_name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0020x6414","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. M. Rehan Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078730212","display_name":"Suhuai Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6185-6035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhuai Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042117311","display_name":"Saadallah Ramadan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3874-7866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087646","display_name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0020x6414","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saadallah Ramadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014375641","display_name":"Jeannette Lechner\u2010Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3850-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800479947","display_name":"John Hunter Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0187t0j49","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800479947","https://openalex.org/I4210154888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087646","display_name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0020x6414","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeannette Lechner-Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, University Drive, Callaghan NSW Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800479947","https://openalex.org/I4210087646"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326759","display_name":"Jiaming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-7561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084448329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71537542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"231","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7926920652389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7099353075027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6776827573776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6655576825141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6278400421142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.589097797870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","score":0.5473712086677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinically-isolated-syndrome","display_name":"Clinically isolated syndrome","score":0.5272181034088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.4955040216445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.42600536346435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14534634351730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.13261762261390686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7926920652389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7099353075027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6776827573776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6655576825141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6278400421142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.589097797870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.5473712086677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781028063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338802","display_name":"Clinically isolated syndrome","level":3,"score":0.5272181034088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.4955040216445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.42600536346435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14534634351730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.13261762261390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3301506.3301526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301506.3301526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on Video and Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:uon:37094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1416677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196471","display_name":"NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","host_organization_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22040386","https://openalex.org/W1490704196","https://openalex.org/W1586903776","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W2057323256","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2122545833","https://openalex.org/W2135900660","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2223737960","https://openalex.org/W2273897973","https://openalex.org/W2280334572","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6687483927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534979851","https://openalex.org/W4401096132","https://openalex.org/W3206954403","https://openalex.org/W2910192441","https://openalex.org/W2177443840","https://openalex.org/W2979780168","https://openalex.org/W2516913217","https://openalex.org/W2010588274","https://openalex.org/W2912560294","https://openalex.org/W2173847724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"sclerosis":[1],"(MS)":[2],"is":[3,59,72,128,215],"a":[4,62,147],"chronic":[5],"inflammatory":[6],"disease":[7,223],"of":[8,19,45,56,88,96,114,124,134,144,171,176,189,201,233],"the":[9,43,67,94,112,131,169,184,196,212,222,229,234,238],"central":[10],"nervous.":[11],"Disability":[12],"can":[13,30,220],"be":[14],"prevented":[15],"by":[16,99,237],"early":[17],"detection":[18],"lesions.":[20],"Deep":[21],"learning":[22,166],"techniques,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,40],"convolutional":[26,90,101],"neural":[27],"networks":[28],"(CNN),":[29],"learn":[31,93],"patterns":[32,95],"on":[33,130],"brain":[34],"magnetic":[35],"resonance":[36],"image":[37],"(MRI)":[38],"so":[39],"to":[41,50,60,64,110,154,161,228],"predict":[42,221],"conversion":[44],"clinically":[46],"isolated":[47],"syndrome":[48],"(CIS)":[49],"definite":[51],"multiple":[52],"sclerosis.":[53],"The":[54,69,137,163,207],"aim":[55],"this":[57],"paper":[58],"develop":[61],"method":[63,214],"automatically":[65],"detect":[66],"conversion.":[68],"proposed":[70,164,213],"algorithm":[71,127,167],"an":[73,174,216],"improved":[74],"CNN":[75],"which":[76,92,219],"uses":[77],"LeNet":[78],"architecture":[79],"coding":[80],"in":[81,180],"Python":[82],"and":[83,106,118,146,156,178,225,231],"Keras":[84],"library.":[85],"It":[86],"consists":[87],"different":[89],"layers":[91],"input":[97],"images":[98,115,133],"using":[100],"filters.":[102],"ReLU":[103],"activation":[104],"function":[105],"max-pooling":[107],"are":[108],"used":[109],"reduce":[111],"dimensions":[113],"for":[116],"efficient":[117],"fast":[119],"processing.":[120],"A":[121],"detailed":[122],"investigation":[123],"automatic":[125],"prediction":[126],"performed":[129],"MRI":[132],"21":[135,138],"patients.":[136],"patients":[139,191,203],"were":[140,192,204],"scanned":[141],"at":[142],"onset":[143],"CIS":[145],"year":[148],"later":[149],"(of":[150],"whom,":[151],"11":[152],"converted":[153],"MS":[155,172],"10":[157],"did":[158],"not":[159],"convert":[160],"MS).":[162],"deep":[165],"predicted":[168,193,205],"presence":[170],"with":[173],"accuracy":[175],"83.3%":[177],"100%":[179],"two":[181],"experiments.":[182],"In":[183,195],"first":[185],"experiment,":[186,198],"5":[187],"out":[188,200],"6":[190,199,202],"correctly.":[194,206],"second":[197],"experiments":[208],"have":[209],"proved":[210],"that":[211],"automated":[217],"system":[218],"accurately":[224],"quickly,":[226],"contributing":[227],"prevention":[230],"alleviation":[232],"disability":[235],"caused":[236],"disease.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
