{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033300303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301400","title":"Comparing and Combining Interaction Data and Eye-tracking Data for the Real-time Prediction of User Cognitive Abilities in Visualization Tasks","display_name":"Comparing and Combining Interaction Data and Eye-tracking Data for the Real-time Prediction of User Cognitive Abilities in Visualization Tasks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033300303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301400","mag":"3033300303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3301400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173818","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2160-6455","issn":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024712028","display_name":"Cristina Conati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Conati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044883485","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lall\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-8336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lall\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-8336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108714848","display_name":"Md Abed Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Abed Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049311159","display_name":"Dereck Toker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dereck Toker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024712028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89490956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7985602617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7942363023757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.658998966217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.567353367805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.495159775018692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4835486114025116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4795931875705719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.47870874404907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4605274796485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4412880539894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.439927339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3571704626083374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7985602617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7942363023757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.658998966217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.567353367805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.495159775018692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4835486114025116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4795931875705719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47870874404907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4605274796485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4412880539894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.439927339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3571704626083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3301400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3301400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173818","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2160-6455","issn":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05158932v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05158932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems , 2020, 10 (2), pp.1-41. ⟨10.1145/3301400⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G705625692","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Accelerate #IT05080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37654593","https://openalex.org/W107670845","https://openalex.org/W224927278","https://openalex.org/W282016921","https://openalex.org/W1539811621","https://openalex.org/W1582706659","https://openalex.org/W1599205789","https://openalex.org/W1744669670","https://openalex.org/W1821624969","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1910229279","https://openalex.org/W1966518476","https://openalex.org/W1967173551","https://openalex.org/W1969783622","https://openalex.org/W1976339519","https://openalex.org/W1981263462","https://openalex.org/W1982609180","https://openalex.org/W1988873435","https://openalex.org/W1990401068","https://openalex.org/W1991207010","https://openalex.org/W2000834504","https://openalex.org/W2003554962","https://openalex.org/W2007032150","https://openalex.org/W2007423551","https://openalex.org/W2008096689","https://openalex.org/W2009763341","https://openalex.org/W2012967525","https://openalex.org/W2013729144","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2016356199","https://openalex.org/W2016405884","https://openalex.org/W2017014446","https://openalex.org/W2017778181","https://openalex.org/W2017778577","https://openalex.org/W2019944300","https://openalex.org/W2022933870","https://openalex.org/W2023098739","https://openalex.org/W2024806371","https://openalex.org/W2027898420","https://openalex.org/W2030595170","https://openalex.org/W2031322820","https://openalex.org/W2031746736","https://openalex.org/W2037311778","https://openalex.org/W2050674259","https://openalex.org/W2059130645","https://openalex.org/W2061623784","https://openalex.org/W2062065656","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2065073464","https://openalex.org/W2065257890","https://openalex.org/W2068671308","https://openalex.org/W2079288505","https://openalex.org/W2081428746","https://openalex.org/W2083462897","https://openalex.org/W2084360932","https://openalex.org/W2085497785","https://openalex.org/W2085514551","https://openalex.org/W2093009853","https://openalex.org/W2097795499","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2106687164","https://openalex.org/W2111001556","https://openalex.org/W2111384966","https://openalex.org/W2111865761","https://openalex.org/W2115417283","https://openalex.org/W2115574276","https://openalex.org/W2120660108","https://openalex.org/W2137068475","https://openalex.org/W2139608622","https://openalex.org/W2143170580","https://openalex.org/W2153432403","https://openalex.org/W2156974804","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2294230441","https://openalex.org/W2325561707","https://openalex.org/W2433963325","https://openalex.org/W2482180150","https://openalex.org/W2485137399","https://openalex.org/W2501831737","https://openalex.org/W2507410144","https://openalex.org/W2519473699","https://openalex.org/W2547373170","https://openalex.org/W2594185020","https://openalex.org/W2608057807","https://openalex.org/W2612405771","https://openalex.org/W2724188705","https://openalex.org/W2725237082","https://openalex.org/W2734916492","https://openalex.org/W2741152238","https://openalex.org/W2767444006","https://openalex.org/W2789342285","https://openalex.org/W2792281292","https://openalex.org/W2899827623","https://openalex.org/W2905464284","https://openalex.org/W2915109507","https://openalex.org/W2947760526","https://openalex.org/W4233488446","https://openalex.org/W4235463506","https://openalex.org/W4240052753","https://openalex.org/W4250111450","https://openalex.org/W4383681252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013728941","https://openalex.org/W4225274103","https://openalex.org/W2154046714","https://openalex.org/W2189613078","https://openalex.org/W2579659702","https://openalex.org/W2923661510","https://openalex.org/W1574055964","https://openalex.org/W1965329638","https://openalex.org/W2542318691","https://openalex.org/W3160708108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"work":[1,51,188,218],"has":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,31,108,118,128,153,232,256],"some":[5,206],"user":[6,24,49,86,210],"cognitive":[7,66,159,211,230],"abilities":[8,36,67,160,231],"relevant":[9],"for":[10,28,54,130,177,205,277],"processing":[11,70],"information":[12],"visualizations":[13,30,132,224,280],"can":[14,32,121,156,233,262],"be":[15,134,234],"predicted":[16,235],"from":[17,236],"eye-tracking":[18,78,91,109,172,200,238,285],"data.":[19,79,149,242],"Performing":[20],"this":[21,44],"type":[22,222],"of":[23,85,102,168,193,207,223,229],"modeling":[25,50],"is":[26,73,139],"important":[27,275],"devising":[29,278],"detect":[33],"a":[34,100,124,272],"user's":[35],"and":[37,199,226,240,254,274],"adapt":[38],"accordingly":[39],"during":[40,68],"the":[41,55,103,112,165,169,182,191,221,227],"interaction.":[42],"In":[43],"article,":[45],"we":[46,106,151,214,244],"extend":[47,186],"previous":[48,187,217],"by":[52,189,219],"investigating":[53],"first":[56],"time":[57],"interaction":[58,94,119,148,154,197,241],"data":[59,110,120,155,198,239,250,286],"as":[60,96,98],"an":[61,82],"alternative":[62],"source":[63],"to":[64,76,142,216],"predict":[65,157],"visualization":[69],"when":[71,137],"it":[72,138],"not":[74,140],"feasible":[75,141],"collect":[77],"We":[80,184],"present":[81],"extensive":[83],"comparison":[84],"models":[87],"based":[88],"solely":[89,147],"on":[90,93,99],"data,":[92,95,173,201],"well":[97],"combination":[101],"two.":[104],"Although":[105],"found":[107,152],"generate":[111],"most":[113],"accurate":[114],"predictions,":[115],"results":[116,204],"show":[117],"still":[122],"outperform":[123],"majority-class":[125],"baseline,":[126],"meaning":[127],"adaptation":[129,179],"interactive":[131],"could":[133],"enabled":[135],"even":[136,266],"perform":[143],"eye":[144],"tracking,":[145],"using":[146],"Furthermore,":[150],"several":[158],"with":[161,202],"better":[162,267],"accuracy":[163,253],"at":[164],"very":[166],"beginning":[167],"task":[170],"than":[171,269,290],"which":[174],"are":[175,287],"valuable":[176],"delivering":[178],"early":[180],"in":[181,248,281,291],"task.":[183],"also":[185],"examining":[190],"value":[192],"multimodal":[194],"classifiers":[195],"combining":[196],"promising":[203],"our":[208],"target":[209],"abilities.":[212],"Next,":[213],"contribute":[215],"extending":[220],"considered":[225],"set":[228],"either":[237],"Finally,":[243],"evaluate":[245],"how":[246],"noise":[247],"gaze":[249,260],"impacts":[251],"prediction":[252],"find":[255],"retaining":[257],"rather":[258],"noisy":[259],"datapoints":[261],"yield":[263],"equal":[264],"or":[265],"predictions":[268],"discarding":[270],"them,":[271],"novel":[273],"contribution":[276],"adaptive":[279],"real":[282],"settings":[283],"where":[284],"typically":[288],"noisier":[289],"laboratory":[292],"settings.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}