{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2933229475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304053","title":"Software-Defined Far Memory in Warehouse-Scale Computers","display_name":"Software-Defined Far Memory in Warehouse-Scale Computers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2933229475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304053","mag":"2933229475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3297858.3304053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048002487","display_name":"Andres Lagar-Cavilla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andres Lagar-Cavilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029188471","display_name":"Junwhan Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7613-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwhan Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041301602","display_name":"Suleiman Souhlal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suleiman Souhlal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034317620","display_name":"Neha Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-4166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017265937","display_name":"Radoslaw Burny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radoslaw Burny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111660295","display_name":"Shakeel Butt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakeel Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112782321","display_name":"Jichuan Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jichuan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066825739","display_name":"Ashwin Chaugule","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwin Chaugule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016095634","display_name":"Nan Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045954706","display_name":"Junaid Shahid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067292944","display_name":"Greg Thelen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Thelen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082474826","display_name":"Kamil Adam Yurtsever","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamil Adam Yurtsever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085314855","display_name":"Yu Lan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011491987","display_name":"Parthasarathy Ranganathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-5902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parthasarathy Ranganathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048002487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9810348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"317","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8002700805664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.49390655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.4443069398403168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-cost-of-ownership","display_name":"Total cost of ownership","score":0.443071573972702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4371621310710907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3924102783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3514004051685333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.17641443014144897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8002700805664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.49390655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.4443069398403168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778434605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2445479","display_name":"Total cost of ownership","level":2,"score":0.443071573972702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4371621310710907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3924102783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3514004051685333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.17641443014144897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3297858.3304053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487249727","https://openalex.org/W1978924650","https://openalex.org/W1992755462","https://openalex.org/W2016839924","https://openalex.org/W2032434738","https://openalex.org/W2036895660","https://openalex.org/W2048588974","https://openalex.org/W2070010964","https://openalex.org/W2072753794","https://openalex.org/W2093941454","https://openalex.org/W2102449048","https://openalex.org/W2113637091","https://openalex.org/W2121542813","https://openalex.org/W2122465391","https://openalex.org/W2129542763","https://openalex.org/W2141992894","https://openalex.org/W2156094106","https://openalex.org/W2161047342","https://openalex.org/W2340522713","https://openalex.org/W2404462252","https://openalex.org/W2583229872","https://openalex.org/W2604595776","https://openalex.org/W2604701668","https://openalex.org/W2624304035","https://openalex.org/W2732547613","https://openalex.org/W2756779857","https://openalex.org/W2794852849","https://openalex.org/W2798337732","https://openalex.org/W2950182411","https://openalex.org/W2951665052","https://openalex.org/W2995955137","https://openalex.org/W3026883080","https://openalex.org/W4361216835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804189431","https://openalex.org/W1980552286","https://openalex.org/W3005687415","https://openalex.org/W2418291489","https://openalex.org/W3121626850","https://openalex.org/W2068121105","https://openalex.org/W4319662987","https://openalex.org/W2244836457","https://openalex.org/W3096519538","https://openalex.org/W1973516247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"memory":[1,27,53,83,88,95,117,171,178],"demand":[2],"and":[3,39,64,70,123,130,187],"slowdown":[4],"in":[5,97,126,149],"technology":[6],"scaling":[7],"pose":[8],"important":[9],"challenges":[10,57],"to":[11,24,30,42,61,81,90,106,114,138,143,190,203],"total":[12],"cost":[13,179],"of":[14,17,68,165,195],"ownership":[15],"(TCO)":[16],"warehouse-scale":[18],"computers":[19],"(WSCs).":[20],"One":[21],"promising":[22],"idea":[23],"reduce":[25],"the":[26,121,127,150],"TCO":[28,205],"is":[29,172],"add":[31],"a":[32,51,77,93,112,147,192],"cheaper,":[33],"but":[34],"slower,":[35],"\"far":[36],"memory\"":[37],"tier":[38,54,96],"use":[40],"it":[41],"store":[43,191],"infrequently":[44,196],"accessed":[45,197],"(or":[46],"cold)":[47],"data.":[48],"However,":[49],"introducing":[50],"far":[52,82,94,170],"brings":[55],"new":[56,104],"around":[58],"dynamically":[59],"responding":[60],"workload":[62],"diversity":[63],"churn,":[65],"minimizing":[66],"stranding":[67],"capacity,":[69],"addressing":[71],"brownfield":[72],"(legacy)":[73],"deployments.":[74],"We":[75],"present":[76],"novel":[78],"software-defined":[79,169],"approach":[80],"that":[84],"proactively":[85],"compresses":[86],"cold":[87,116],"pages":[89,118],"effectively":[91],"create":[92],"software.":[98],"Our":[99,152,168],"end-to-end":[100],"system":[101,153],"design":[102,135,142],"encompasses":[103],"methods":[105],"define":[107],"performance":[108],"service-level":[109],"objectives":[110],"(SLOs),":[111],"mechanism":[113],"identify":[115],"while":[119],"meeting":[120],"SLO,":[122],"our":[124,141],"implementation":[125],"OS":[128],"kernel":[129],"node":[131],"agent.":[132],"Additionally,":[133],"we":[134],"learning-based":[136],"autotuning":[137],"periodically":[139],"adapt":[140],"fleet-wide":[144],"changes":[145],"without":[146],"human":[148],"loop.":[151],"has":[154],"been":[155],"successfully":[156],"deployed":[157],"across":[158],"Google's":[159],"WSC":[160],"since":[161],"2016,":[162],"serving":[163],"thousands":[164],"production":[166],"services.":[167],"significantly":[173],"cheaper":[174],"(67%":[175],"or":[176],"higher":[177],"reduction)":[180],"at":[181,207],"relatively":[182],"good":[183],"access":[184],"speeds":[185],"(6us)":[186],"allows":[188],"us":[189],"significant":[193,204],"fraction":[194],"data":[198],"(on":[199],"average,":[200],"20%),":[201],"translating":[202],"savings":[206],"warehouse":[208],"scale.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}