{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2931118404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304041","title":"Bit-Tactical","display_name":"Bit-Tactical","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2931118404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304041","mag":"2931118404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3297858.3304041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020334704","display_name":"Alberto Delm\u00e1s Lascorz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2487-250X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Delmas Lascorz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090235913","display_name":"Patrick Judd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-200X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Judd","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto &amp; NVIDIA, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto &amp; NVIDIA, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069857678","display_name":"Dylan Malone Stuart","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan Malone Stuart","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018312650","display_name":"Zissis Poulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zissis Poulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103806733","display_name":"Mostafa Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-7966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061847219","display_name":"Sayeh Sharify","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayeh Sharify","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101550828","display_name":"Milo\u0161 Nikoli\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4168-0837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Nikolic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014486668","display_name":"Kevin Siu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Siu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072544251","display_name":"Andreas Moshovos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Moshovos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020334704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1532,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97636887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"749","last_page":"763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.826634407043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.56814044713974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexer","display_name":"Multiplexer","score":0.5678673386573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5131519436836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.46863436698913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.42930203676223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4286224842071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.41657134890556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39408209919929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32239222526550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21769267320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.17991578578948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1662394106388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.14611566066741943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.826634407043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.56814044713974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70970002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189434","display_name":"Multiplexer","level":3,"score":0.5678673386573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5131519436836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.46863436698913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.42930203676223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4286224842071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.41657134890556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39408209919929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32239222526550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21769267320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.17991578578948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1662394106388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.14611566066741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3297858.3304041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2122967269","https://openalex.org/W2130017646","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2341350247","https://openalex.org/W2343954916","https://openalex.org/W2433451779","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2513554817","https://openalex.org/W2516141709","https://openalex.org/W2541839172","https://openalex.org/W2554302513","https://openalex.org/W2560217098","https://openalex.org/W2563587242","https://openalex.org/W2565851976","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2608554408","https://openalex.org/W2617247391","https://openalex.org/W2620985626","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2742044963","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2750173518","https://openalex.org/W2797864974","https://openalex.org/W2904902077","https://openalex.org/W2905515056","https://openalex.org/W2906043559","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2952344559","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W3023154643","https://openalex.org/W3177525997","https://openalex.org/W4245199738","https://openalex.org/W4251575795","https://openalex.org/W4253550658","https://openalex.org/W4254292280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323268213","https://openalex.org/W2101047079","https://openalex.org/W2043381979","https://openalex.org/W4242128654","https://openalex.org/W3197720232","https://openalex.org/W2152549830","https://openalex.org/W1993744883","https://openalex.org/W2082549546","https://openalex.org/W2388387398","https://openalex.org/W3203996584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weight":[0],"and":[1,13,28,44,54,68,72,99,147,164],"activation":[2,117,145],"sparsity":[3,25,90,161,175],"can":[4],"be":[5],"leveraged":[6],"in":[7,51,55,129],"hardware":[8,62,102],"to":[9,33,38,63,113,126],"boost":[10],"the":[11,30,85,141,166],"performance":[12],"energy":[14,75],"efficiency":[15],"of":[16,70,170,179],"Deep":[17],"Neural":[18],"Networks":[19],"during":[20],"inference.":[21],"Fully":[22],"capitalizing":[23],"on":[24,61],"requires":[26],"re-scheduling":[27,50],"mapping":[29],"execution":[31],"stream":[32],"deliver":[34],"non-zero":[35],"weight/activation":[36],"pairs":[37],"multiplier":[39],"units":[40],"for":[41,87,162,176],"maximal":[42],"utilization":[43],"reuse.":[45],"However,":[46],"permitting":[47],"arbitrary":[48],"value":[49],"memory":[52],"space":[53],"time":[56],"places":[57],"a":[58,80,94,100,105,177],"considerable":[59],"burden":[60],"perform":[64],"dynamic":[65,167],"at-runtime":[66],"routing":[67],"matching":[69],"values,":[71],"incurs":[73],"significant":[74],"inefficiencies.":[76],"Bit-Tactical":[77],"(TCL)":[78],"is":[79,91],"neural":[81,180],"network":[82,109],"accelerator":[83],"where":[84],"responsibility":[86],"exploiting":[88],"weight":[89],"shared":[92],"between":[93],"novel":[95],"static":[96],"scheduling":[97],"middleware,":[98],"co-designed":[101],"front-end":[103],"with":[104,134],"lightweight":[106],"sparse":[107,143],"shuffling":[108],"comprising":[110],"two":[111,122,135],"(2-":[112],"8-input)":[114],"multiplexers":[115],"per":[116],"input.":[118],"We":[119],"empirically":[120],"motivate":[121],"back-end":[123],"designs":[124],"chosen":[125],"target":[127,160],"bit-sparsity":[128],"activations,":[130,165,171],"rather":[131],"than":[132],"value-sparsity,":[133],"benefits:":[136],"a)":[137],"we":[138,149],"avoid":[139],"handling":[140],"dynamically":[142],"whole-value":[144],"stream,":[146],"b)":[148],"uncover":[150],"more":[151],"ineffectual":[152],"work.":[153],"TCL":[154],"outperforms":[155],"other":[156],"state-of-the-art":[157],"accelerators":[158],"that":[159],"weights":[163],"precision":[168],"requirements":[169],"or":[172],"their":[173],"bit-level":[174],"variety":[178],"networks.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2019-04-11T00:00:00"}
