{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954709811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326032","title":"Prevalence and Psychological Effects of Hateful Speech in Online College Communities","display_name":"Prevalence and Psychological Effects of Hateful Speech in Online College Communities","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954709811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326032","mag":"2954709811","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32954384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3292522.3326032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7500692","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057029055","display_name":"Koustuv Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-2934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koustuv Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069919112","display_name":"Eshwar Chandrasekharan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-1418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eshwar Chandrasekharan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102962995","display_name":"Munmun De Choudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-264X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munmun De Choudhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"255","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.7213000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.7213000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.563060998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-group","display_name":"Ethnic group","score":0.5192499160766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.48522233963012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.4731876850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroticism","display_name":"Neuroticism","score":0.4588852524757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-orientation","display_name":"Sexual orientation","score":0.43394678831100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.4259123206138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.17624431848526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.563060998916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5192499160766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.48522233963012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4731876850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94612546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540168","display_name":"Neuroticism","level":3,"score":0.4588852524757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777997956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17888","display_name":"Sexual orientation","level":2,"score":0.43394678831100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.4259123206138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17624431848526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3292522.3326032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:32954384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32954384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7500692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7500692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Web Sci Conf","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7500692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7500692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Web Sci Conf","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4332684221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 GM112697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2402700","https://openalex.org/W275862998","https://openalex.org/W410955236","https://openalex.org/W560371024","https://openalex.org/W1496437928","https://openalex.org/W1537829113","https://openalex.org/W1546751316","https://openalex.org/W1547806737","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W1968681351","https://openalex.org/W1976413326","https://openalex.org/W1993616391","https://openalex.org/W1996299251","https://openalex.org/W1998206447","https://openalex.org/W1998653759","https://openalex.org/W2008569990","https://openalex.org/W2011519734","https://openalex.org/W2032772443","https://openalex.org/W2038887788","https://openalex.org/W2042689717","https://openalex.org/W2051576146","https://openalex.org/W2099919774","https://openalex.org/W2111635289","https://openalex.org/W2116117972","https://openalex.org/W2119595472","https://openalex.org/W2136958757","https://openalex.org/W2144620955","https://openalex.org/W2145310898","https://openalex.org/W2147817886","https://openalex.org/W2151051036","https://openalex.org/W2155329617","https://openalex.org/W2165279024","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2292070666","https://openalex.org/W2293182783","https://openalex.org/W2295008885","https://openalex.org/W2397527499","https://openalex.org/W2405042511","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2544158810","https://openalex.org/W2560280039","https://openalex.org/W2570325132","https://openalex.org/W2588334501","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2610483642","https://openalex.org/W2611092176","https://openalex.org/W2611802400","https://openalex.org/W2615740944","https://openalex.org/W2727725950","https://openalex.org/W2729412353","https://openalex.org/W2738270411","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2755222014","https://openalex.org/W2765861749","https://openalex.org/W2774215862","https://openalex.org/W2774842745","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2778690101","https://openalex.org/W2784248210","https://openalex.org/W2791200426","https://openalex.org/W2796646590","https://openalex.org/W2796881724","https://openalex.org/W2803137290","https://openalex.org/W2807932051","https://openalex.org/W2810162684","https://openalex.org/W2810997908","https://openalex.org/W2899027170","https://openalex.org/W2914730082","https://openalex.org/W2919537623","https://openalex.org/W2953417263","https://openalex.org/W2963177662","https://openalex.org/W3103765934","https://openalex.org/W3123014136","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W4235652391","https://openalex.org/W4243390785","https://openalex.org/W4289918617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144791813","https://openalex.org/W2381483116","https://openalex.org/W117031495","https://openalex.org/W3023473296","https://openalex.org/W2157755842","https://openalex.org/W2348506863","https://openalex.org/W2371917728","https://openalex.org/W2030068504","https://openalex.org/W2019294968","https://openalex.org/W2007982614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Hateful":[1],"speech":[2,18,85,103,116,183,215,237],"bears":[3,168],"negative":[4],"repercussions":[5],"and":[6,26,94,109,156,172,200,243,255],"is":[7,104,136],"particularly":[8,68],"damaging":[9,178],"in":[10,69,106,184,204,238,241,246],"college":[11,20,107,198,206],"communities.":[12,207],"The":[13],"efforts":[14,174,203],"to":[15,29,60,83,126,129,153,175,192,201],"regulate":[16],"hateful":[17,66,84,102,115,182,236],"on":[19,40,46,197],"campuses":[21,41],"pose":[22],"vexing":[23],"socio-political":[24],"problems,":[25],"the":[27,31,35,38,44,62,70,124,177,211,219,228,232],"interventions":[28],"mitigate":[30],"effects":[32,64,179],"require":[33],"evaluating":[34],"pervasiveness":[36],"of":[37,65,72,111,180,214,222,235],"phenomenon":[39],"as":[42],"well":[43],"impacts":[45,234],"students'":[47],"psychological":[48,63,81,143,233],"state.":[49],"DATA":[50],"AND":[51],"METHODS:":[52],".":[53],"We":[54,99,120],"then":[55],"employ":[56],"a":[57],"causal-inference":[58],"framework":[59],"study":[61],"speech,":[67],"form":[71],"individuals'":[73],"online":[74,181,205,239,257],"stress":[75,131],"expression.":[76,132],"Finally,":[77],"we":[78,217],"characterize":[79],"their":[80,88,90,95],"endurance":[82,144,148],"by":[86],"analyzing":[87],"language-":[89],"discriminatory":[91],"keyword":[92],"use,":[93],"personality":[96],"traits.":[97],"RESULTS:":[98],"find":[100,122],"that":[101,123,250],"prevalent":[105],"subreddits,":[108],"25%":[110],"them":[112],"show":[113,141],"greater":[114,130],"than":[117,145,160],"non-college":[118],"subreddits.":[119],"also":[121],"exposure":[125],"hate":[127],"leads":[128],"However,":[133],"everybody":[134],"exposed":[135],"not":[137],"equally":[138],"affected;":[139],"some":[140],"lower":[142],"others.":[146],"Low":[147],"individuals":[149],"are":[150,157],"more":[151,158],"vulnerable":[152],"emotional":[154],"outbursts,":[155],"neurotic":[159],"those":[161],"with":[162],"higher":[163],"endurance.":[164],"DISCUSSION:":[165],"Our":[166,225],"work":[167,190,226],"implications":[169,221],"for":[170,230],"policy-making":[171],"intervention":[173],"tackle":[176],"colleges.":[185],"From":[186],"technological":[187],"perspective,":[188],"our":[189,223],"caters":[191],"mental":[193],"health":[194],"support":[195],"provisions":[196],"campuses,":[199],"moderation":[202],"In":[208],"addition,":[209],"given":[210],"charged":[212],"aspect":[213],"dilemma,":[216],"highlight":[218],"ethical":[220],"work.":[224],"lays":[227],"foundation":[229],"studying":[231],"communities":[240,245],"general,":[242],"situated":[244],"particular":[247],"(the":[248],"ones":[249],"have":[251],"both":[252],"an":[253,256],"offline":[254],"analog).":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}