{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962783931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326030","title":"Better Safe Than Sorry","display_name":"Better Safe Than Sorry","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962783931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326030","mag":"2962783931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3292522.3326030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056754015","display_name":"Stefano Cresci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-2445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Cresci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Informatica e Telematica, CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Informatica e Telematica, CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056689083","display_name":"Marinella Petrocchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-877X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marinella Petrocchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Informatica e Telematica, CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Informatica e Telematica, CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066856623","display_name":"Angelo Spognardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-0701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Spognardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019358722","display_name":"Stefano Tognazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-2426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Tognazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"47","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7808123826980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7107287049293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4434582591056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4259713292121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38298577070236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33841270208358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19519463181495667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7808123826980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7107287049293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4434582591056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4259713292121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38298577070236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33841270208358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19519463181495667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3292522.3326030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1053996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/1053996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1347946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1347946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176212337","https://openalex.org/W919122619","https://openalex.org/W938539187","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W1849719402","https://openalex.org/W1953503995","https://openalex.org/W1964235853","https://openalex.org/W1974587337","https://openalex.org/W1983355553","https://openalex.org/W1990061958","https://openalex.org/W1998871422","https://openalex.org/W2008347539","https://openalex.org/W2020754036","https://openalex.org/W2023035732","https://openalex.org/W2050884984","https://openalex.org/W2086604067","https://openalex.org/W2090182207","https://openalex.org/W2092277251","https://openalex.org/W2093655440","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2124403533","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2162945593","https://openalex.org/W2169734855","https://openalex.org/W2185343529","https://openalex.org/W2248761606","https://openalex.org/W2269924745","https://openalex.org/W2486162748","https://openalex.org/W2489011216","https://openalex.org/W2499289068","https://openalex.org/W2535518076","https://openalex.org/W2537454565","https://openalex.org/W2552767274","https://openalex.org/W2564124948","https://openalex.org/W2573614998","https://openalex.org/W2583516892","https://openalex.org/W2595521492","https://openalex.org/W2596225776","https://openalex.org/W2603417611","https://openalex.org/W2608033733","https://openalex.org/W2608464029","https://openalex.org/W2613531197","https://openalex.org/W2613993493","https://openalex.org/W2734855584","https://openalex.org/W2747954815","https://openalex.org/W2767370829","https://openalex.org/W2771677725","https://openalex.org/W2783638956","https://openalex.org/W2798428925","https://openalex.org/W2804992550","https://openalex.org/W2810193935","https://openalex.org/W2900681641","https://openalex.org/W2911554558","https://openalex.org/W2912453995","https://openalex.org/W2914550350","https://openalex.org/W2963931490","https://openalex.org/W2964110402","https://openalex.org/W3100621770","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W4210779110","https://openalex.org/W4232861106","https://openalex.org/W4289253852","https://openalex.org/W4298304654","https://openalex.org/W6836725202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112],"arm":[1],"race":[2],"between":[3],"spambots":[4,18,33],"and":[5,31,78,99],"spambot-detectors":[6],"is":[7,19,24,52],"made":[8],"of":[9,17,44,71,88,109,120,154],"several":[10],"cycles":[11],"(or":[12,35],"generations):":[13],"a":[14,49,102,148],"new":[15,22,26,38,50],"wave":[16],"created":[20],"(and":[21],"spam":[23],"spread),":[25],"spambot":[27],"filters":[28],"are":[29],"derived":[30],"old":[32],"mutate":[34],"evolve)":[36],"to":[37,54,62,75,115,142],"species.":[39],"Recently,":[40],"with":[41,85,101],"the":[42,45,86,107,139,152],"diffusion":[43],"adversarial":[46],"learning":[47],"approach,":[48],"practice":[51],"emerging:":[53],"manipulate":[55,69],"on":[56],"purpose":[57],"target":[58],"samples":[59],"in":[60],"order":[61],"make":[63],"stronger":[64],"detection":[65,93,133,157],"models.":[66],"Here,":[67],"we":[68,97],"generations":[70],"Twitter":[72],"social":[73,123,155],"bots,":[74],"obtain":[76],"-":[77,80],"study":[79],"their":[81],"possible":[82,147],"future":[83],"evolutions,":[84],"aim":[87],"eventually":[89],"deriving":[90],"more":[91],"effective":[92],"techniques.":[94,134],"In":[95],"detail,":[96],"propose":[98],"experiment":[100],"novel":[103],"genetic":[104],"algorithm":[105,113],"for":[106,151],"synthesis":[108],"online":[110],"accounts.":[111],"allows":[114],"create":[116],"synthetic":[117,128],"evolved":[118],"versions":[119],"current":[121,132],"state-of-the-art":[122],"bots.":[124],"Results":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"that":[127],"bots":[129],"really":[130],"escape":[131],"However,":[135],"they":[136],"give":[137],"all":[138],"needed":[140],"elements":[141],"improve":[143],"such":[144],"techniques,":[145],"making":[146],"proactive":[149],"approach":[150],"design":[153],"bot":[156],"systems.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
