{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910816526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290688.3290726","title":"Comparing Pixel N-grams and Bag of Visual Word Features for the Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy","display_name":"Comparing Pixel N-grams and Bag of Visual Word Features for the Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910816526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290688.3290726","mag":"2910816526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3290688.3290726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290688.3290726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524001","display_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057547483","display_name":"Pradnya Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6855-2707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088227","display_name":"MIT World Peace University","ror":"https://ror.org/004ymxd45","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088227"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pradnya Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT World Peace University, Mahaganesh Colony, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT World Peace University, Mahaganesh Colony, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047791912","display_name":"Andrew Stranieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4415-5771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Stranieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federation University, University Drive, Mt Helen, Vic, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federation University, University Drive, Mt Helen, Vic, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011347476","display_name":"Herbert F. Jelinek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-6193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herbert Jelinek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Drive, Albury, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Drive, Albury, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057547483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1693,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51559065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7053727507591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6535766124725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.643336296081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6266638040542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5375293493270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy","display_name":"Retinopathy","score":0.439532607793808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37232667207717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.347426176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.32616597414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2852303981781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.22330328822135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17825952172279358}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7053727507591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6535766124725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.643336296081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6266638040542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5375293493270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.439532607793808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37232667207717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.347426176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.32616597414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2852303981781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.22330328822135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17825952172279358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3290688.3290726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290688.3290726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524001","display_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:vital:15821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/180826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400234","display_name":"FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158496","host_organization_name":"Australian Federation of University Women \u2013 South Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158496"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1895577753","https://openalex.org/W1972780278","https://openalex.org/W1987262936","https://openalex.org/W2029616009","https://openalex.org/W2031127059","https://openalex.org/W2035626876","https://openalex.org/W2045213079","https://openalex.org/W2046781710","https://openalex.org/W2058929792","https://openalex.org/W2059304719","https://openalex.org/W2068396506","https://openalex.org/W2069085101","https://openalex.org/W2078644286","https://openalex.org/W2109370419","https://openalex.org/W2126833203","https://openalex.org/W2130660124","https://openalex.org/W2134958224","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2175511759","https://openalex.org/W2279406988","https://openalex.org/W2289209959","https://openalex.org/W2314864667","https://openalex.org/W2517048869","https://openalex.org/W2761157220","https://openalex.org/W2871002443","https://openalex.org/W2911114457","https://openalex.org/W2963298074","https://openalex.org/W3200630949","https://openalex.org/W4239261847","https://openalex.org/W7073844601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2136485282","https://openalex.org/W2546871836","https://openalex.org/W2547748020","https://openalex.org/W1965781815","https://openalex.org/W3043252291","https://openalex.org/W2269705005","https://openalex.org/W1508636238","https://openalex.org/W2149249189","https://openalex.org/W2542880803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"extraction":[1],"of":[2,4,50],"Bag":[3],"Visual":[5],"Words":[6],"(BoVW)":[7],"features":[8,28,51],"from":[9],"retinal":[10,77],"images":[11],"for":[12,71],"automated":[13],"classification":[14,57,99],"has":[15],"been":[16],"shown":[17],"to":[18],"be":[19,94],"effective":[20],"but":[21],"computationally":[22,46,59,97],"expensive.":[23,47],"Histogram":[24],"and":[25,43,68,86],"co-variance":[26],"matrix":[27],"do":[29],"not":[30],"generally":[31],"result":[32,53],"in":[33,54],"models":[34],"that":[35,52],"have":[36],"the":[37],"same":[38],"predictive":[39],"accuracy":[40],"as":[41,63],"BoVW":[42],"are":[44],"still":[45],"discovery":[49],"accurate":[55],"image":[56,72],"on":[58],"constrained":[60],"devices":[61],"such":[62],"smartphones":[64],"would":[65],"enable":[66],"new":[67],"promising":[69],"applications":[70],"classification.":[73],"For":[74],"example,":[75],"smartphone":[76],"cameras":[78],"can":[79],"conceivably":[80],"make":[81],"diabetic":[82],"retinopathy":[83,90],"widely":[84],"available":[85],"potentially":[87],"reduce":[88],"undiagnosed":[89],"if":[91],"it":[92],"could":[93],"achieved":[95],"with":[96],"simple":[98],"algorithms.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}