{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901214301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3289602.3293902","title":"Synetgy","display_name":"Synetgy","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901214301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3289602.3293902","mag":"2901214301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3289602.3293902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3289602.3293902","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08634","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yifan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University & University of California, Berkeley, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University & University of California, Berkeley, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qijing Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qijing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bichen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bichen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tianjun Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Giulio Gambardella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101362","display_name":"Xilinx (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00pahkj72","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32923980","https://openalex.org/I4210101362"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Gambardella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xilinx Research Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xilinx Research Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michaela Blott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101362","display_name":"Xilinx (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00pahkj72","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32923980","https://openalex.org/I4210101362"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michaela Blott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xilinx Research Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xilinx Research Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luciano Lavagno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Lavagno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kees Vissers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32923980","display_name":"Xilinx (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01rb7bk56","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32923980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kees Vissers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xilinx Research Labs, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xilinx Research Labs, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32923980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John Wawrzynek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Wawrzynek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kurt Keutzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Keutzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97435574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.823199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.823199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7825000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.249099999666214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3289602.3293902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3289602.3293902","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.08634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08634","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08634","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.08634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08634","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08634","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002555321","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2294282016","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2461217932","https://openalex.org/W2525740295","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2574797063","https://openalex.org/W2583383421","https://openalex.org/W2584311934","https://openalex.org/W2584616277","https://openalex.org/W2585560244","https://openalex.org/W2585774018","https://openalex.org/W2613574453","https://openalex.org/W2625954420","https://openalex.org/W2761757071","https://openalex.org/W2762651727","https://openalex.org/W2765235648","https://openalex.org/W2890246415","https://openalex.org/W2963087201","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3118608800"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"FPGAs":[1],"to":[2,50,67,88,138,142,176],"accelerate":[3],"ConvNets":[4],"has":[5,16],"attracted":[6],"significant":[7],"attention":[8],"in":[9,37],"recent":[10],"years.":[11],"However,":[12],"FPGA":[13,89,157,218],"accelerator":[14,71,83,223],"design":[15],"not":[17,55],"leveraged":[18],"the":[19,27,82,93,154,188,214,222,232],"latest":[20],"progress":[21],"of":[22,39,156,206,228],"ConvNets.":[23],"As":[24],"a":[25,69,75,97,178],"result,":[26],"key":[28],"application":[29,51],"characteristics":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32,92],"frames-per-second":[33],"(FPS)":[34],"are":[35,53,86,107],"ignored":[36],"favor":[38],"simply":[40],"counting":[41],"GOPs,":[42],"and":[43,74,84,127,140,171],"results":[44],"on":[45,118,193,208,231],"accuracy,":[46],"which":[47],"is":[48,96,210],"critical":[49],"success,":[52],"often":[54],"even":[56],"reported.":[57],"In":[58,159,220],"this":[59],"work,":[60],"we":[61],"adopt":[62],"an":[63,184,194,225],"algorithm-hardware":[64],"co-design":[65,177],"approach":[66],"develop":[68],"ConvNet":[70,77,85,98],"called":[72,79],"Synetgy":[73],"novel":[76],"model":[78,163],"DiracDeltaNet.":[80],"Both":[81],"tailored":[87],"requirements.":[90],"DiracDeltaNet,":[91],"name":[94],"suggests,":[95],"with":[99,123,144,239],"only":[100],"$1\\times":[101],"1$":[102],"convolutions":[103,106],"while":[104],"spatial":[105],"replaced":[108],"by":[109,242],"more":[110],"efficient":[111],"shift":[112],"operations.":[113],"DiracDeltaNet":[114,192],"achieves":[115],"competitive":[116],"accuracy":[117,148,205,241],"ImageNet":[119,233],"(89.0%":[120],"top-5),":[121],"but":[122],"48\u00d7":[124],"fewer":[125,129],"parameters":[126],"65\u00d7":[128],"OPs":[130],"than":[131,146,212],"VGG16.":[132],"We":[133,186],"further":[134],"quantize":[135],"DiracDeltaNet's":[136,161],"weights":[137],"1-bit":[139],"activations":[141],"4-bits,":[143],"less":[145],"1%":[147],"loss.":[149],"These":[150],"quantizations":[151],"exploit":[152],"well":[153],"nature":[155],"hardware.":[158],"short,":[160],"small":[162],"size,":[164],"low":[165],"computational":[166],"OP":[167],"count,":[168],"ultra-low":[169],"precision":[170],"simplified":[172],"operators":[173],"allow":[174],"us":[175],"highly":[179],"customized":[180],"computing":[181,189],"unit":[182],"for":[183,191],"FPGA.":[185],"implement":[187],"units":[190],"Ultra96":[195],"SoC":[196],"system":[197],"through":[198],"high-level":[199],"synthesis.":[200],"Our":[201],"accelerator's":[202],"final":[203],"top-5":[204],"88.2%":[207],"ImageNet,":[209],"higher":[211],"all":[213],"previously":[215],"reported":[216],"embedded":[217],"accelerators.":[219],"addition,":[221],"reaches":[224],"inference":[226],"speed":[227],"96.5":[229],"FPS":[230],"classification":[234],"task,":[235],"surpassing":[236],"prior":[237],"works":[238],"similar":[240],"at":[243],"least":[244],"16.9\u00d7.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-06-01T08:46:32.239190","created_date":"2018-11-29T00:00:00"}