{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917571696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287390","title":"Development of a Lean Computational Thinking Abilities Assessment for Middle Grades Students","display_name":"Development of a Lean Computational Thinking Abilities Assessment for Middle Grades Students","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917571696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287390","mag":"2917571696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3287324.3287390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287390","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3287324.3287390","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3287324.3287390","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202585","display_name":"Eric Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-5225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057890012","display_name":"Jennifer London","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer London","raw_affiliation_strings":["London &amp; Assoc., Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London &amp; Assoc., Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047866876","display_name":"Osman Ak\u015fit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-6834"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osman Aksit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dhahran Ahliyya Schools, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dhahran Ahliyya Schools, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089705996","display_name":"Bradford Mott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradford W. Mott","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549993","display_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"456","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9437000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9388999938964844,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.614946722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.59996497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5991274118423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.5704051852226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5376762747764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.5276252627372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.47350651025772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4716310501098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-validity","display_name":"Face validity","score":0.45713505148887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4259302616119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"Construct validity","score":0.4206423759460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.41501206159591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.39009368419647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.29215216636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.1865377426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.1265372633934021}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.614946722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.59996497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5991274118423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5704051852226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5376762747764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.5276252627372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47350651025772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4716310501098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33191230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737383","display_name":"Face validity","level":3,"score":0.45713505148887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4259302616119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.4206423759460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.41501206159591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.39009368419647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.29215216636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.1865377426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.1265372633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3287324.3287390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287390","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3287324.3287390","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3287324.3287390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287390","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3287324.3287390","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1524267529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1640141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2383419435","display_name":"Type I: ENGAGE: Immersive Game-Based Learning for Middle Grade Computational Fluency","funder_award_id":"1138497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8566103888","display_name":"ENGAGE: A Game-based Curricular Strategy for Infusing Computational Thinking into Middle School Science","funder_award_id":"1640141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8902803781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1138497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917571696.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917571696.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263347116","https://openalex.org/W306109848","https://openalex.org/W615644768","https://openalex.org/W1582852929","https://openalex.org/W1687473687","https://openalex.org/W1919216659","https://openalex.org/W1986370155","https://openalex.org/W1990871429","https://openalex.org/W1992103575","https://openalex.org/W2004358417","https://openalex.org/W2007508730","https://openalex.org/W2008722284","https://openalex.org/W2014261905","https://openalex.org/W2016385238","https://openalex.org/W2019928046","https://openalex.org/W2036815566","https://openalex.org/W2054867231","https://openalex.org/W2062505195","https://openalex.org/W2062958072","https://openalex.org/W2076818680","https://openalex.org/W2097616364","https://openalex.org/W2100029531","https://openalex.org/W2103509763","https://openalex.org/W2104525452","https://openalex.org/W2117080284","https://openalex.org/W2129337727","https://openalex.org/W2138437251","https://openalex.org/W2294905309","https://openalex.org/W2296199483","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2519949419","https://openalex.org/W2522303126","https://openalex.org/W2522521125","https://openalex.org/W2555617532","https://openalex.org/W2610157954","https://openalex.org/W2729067204","https://openalex.org/W2760124092","https://openalex.org/W2760706586","https://openalex.org/W2766049559","https://openalex.org/W2796701452","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6669603451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380136770","https://openalex.org/W2067674665","https://openalex.org/W4380568662","https://openalex.org/W3135512811","https://openalex.org/W2279151839","https://openalex.org/W2964200250","https://openalex.org/W2016749656","https://openalex.org/W2906877784","https://openalex.org/W2019962676","https://openalex.org/W2016506764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,139],"recognition":[1],"of":[2,18,26,28,36,66,76,88,122,155],"middle":[3,95],"grades":[4,96,98],"as":[5],"a":[6,34,49,110,119,129,170],"critical":[7],"juncture":[8],"in":[9,128,182],"CS":[10,19],"education":[11],"has":[12,40],"led":[13],"to":[14,32,117,147,151,160],"the":[15,85,142,148,152,161,183],"widespread":[16],"development":[17],"curricula":[20],"and":[21,134,157,164,167,180],"integration":[22],"efforts.":[23],"goal":[25,47],"many":[27],"these":[29,107],"interventions":[30],"is":[31],"develop":[33],"set":[35,121],"underlying":[37,70],"abilities":[38,69],"that":[39,72,124],"been":[41],"termed":[42],"computational":[43],"thinking":[44],"(CT).":[45],"This":[46],"presents":[48],"key":[50,67],"challenge":[51],"for":[52,92,175],"assessing":[53],"student":[54],"learning:":[55],"we":[56,83,115],"must":[57],"identify":[58],"assessment":[59,89,173],"items":[60,90,108,123],"associated":[61],"with":[62,94],"an":[63],"emergent":[64],"understanding":[65],"cognitive":[68],"CT":[71,172],"avoid":[73],"specialized":[74],"knowledge":[75],"specific":[77],"programming":[78],"languages.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"work":[82],"explore":[84],"psychometric":[86],"properties":[87],"appropriate":[91],"use":[93,176],"(US":[97],"6-8;":[99],"ages":[100],"11-13)":[101],"students.":[102],"We":[103],"also":[104],"investigate":[105],"whether":[106],"measure":[109],"single":[111,130],"ability":[112],"dimension.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"strive":[116],"recommend":[118],"\"lean\"":[120],"can":[125],"be":[126],"completed":[127],"50-minute":[131],"class":[132],"period":[133],"have":[135],"high":[136],"face":[137],"validity.":[138],"paper":[140],"makes":[141],"following":[143],"contributions:":[144],"1)":[145],"adds":[146],"literature":[149],"related":[150],"emerging":[153],"construct":[154],"CT,":[156],"its":[158],"relationship":[159],"existing":[162],"CTt":[163],"Bebras":[165],"instruments,":[166],"2)":[168],"offers":[169],"research-based":[171],"instrument":[174],"by":[177],"both":[178],"researchers":[179],"educators":[181],"field.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
