{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908464012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287051","title":"Why Are They Collecting My Data?","display_name":"Why Are They Collecting My Data?","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908464012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287051","mag":"2908464012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3287051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032046097","display_name":"Haojian Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-2235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haojian Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042838456","display_name":"Minyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-1891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Haidian Qu, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Haidian Qu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025444244","display_name":"Kevan Dodhia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevan Dodhia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100628295","display_name":"Yuanchun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161752","display_name":"Beijing Haidian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/058x5eq06","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanchun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Haidian Qu, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Haidian Qu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004082299","display_name":"Gaurav Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-4338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057424614","display_name":"Matt Fredrikson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1820-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Fredrikson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071257070","display_name":"Yuvraj Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-6080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuvraj Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090310268","display_name":"Jason Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason I. Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032046097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3236,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93515136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8138158321380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.7504311203956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.6380031108856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.6192622184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5921434164047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.5348803997039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5074307322502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.43866026401519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.40730786323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35572004318237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21865439414978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13775625824928284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8138158321380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.7504311203956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.6380031108856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6192622184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5921434164047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.5348803997039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5074307322502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.43866026401519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.40730786323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35572004318237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21865439414978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13775625824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3287051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72496981","https://openalex.org/W79696261","https://openalex.org/W119535228","https://openalex.org/W799327109","https://openalex.org/W1555215938","https://openalex.org/W1640628807","https://openalex.org/W1648303880","https://openalex.org/W1983750266","https://openalex.org/W1984043601","https://openalex.org/W1998862130","https://openalex.org/W2003063963","https://openalex.org/W2004429690","https://openalex.org/W2004857422","https://openalex.org/W2019798206","https://openalex.org/W2024722495","https://openalex.org/W2027538101","https://openalex.org/W2033811191","https://openalex.org/W2034814641","https://openalex.org/W2060692877","https://openalex.org/W2077568170","https://openalex.org/W2078417425","https://openalex.org/W2087611087","https://openalex.org/W2092459821","https://openalex.org/W2101577935","https://openalex.org/W2103931177","https://openalex.org/W2107179184","https://openalex.org/W2136649349","https://openalex.org/W2140095007","https://openalex.org/W2150071643","https://openalex.org/W2157539922","https://openalex.org/W2159779522","https://openalex.org/W2161960913","https://openalex.org/W2164539435","https://openalex.org/W2168649891","https://openalex.org/W2208157769","https://openalex.org/W2341956196","https://openalex.org/W2597857713","https://openalex.org/W2599566598","https://openalex.org/W2610474269","https://openalex.org/W2611364582","https://openalex.org/W2612281133","https://openalex.org/W2614579390","https://openalex.org/W2621123093","https://openalex.org/W2748739240","https://openalex.org/W2753975962","https://openalex.org/W2765874585","https://openalex.org/W2784134919","https://openalex.org/W2804268810","https://openalex.org/W2861196621","https://openalex.org/W2905455284","https://openalex.org/W2908104737","https://openalex.org/W3125518682","https://openalex.org/W3136699861","https://openalex.org/W4240266525","https://openalex.org/W6602972026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W2392768766","https://openalex.org/W2058118494","https://openalex.org/W2081850291","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2098233217","https://openalex.org/W2914363205","https://openalex.org/W2095118173","https://openalex.org/W2382021449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"smartphone":[1],"apps":[2],"collect":[3],"potentially":[4],"sensitive":[5],"personal":[6],"data":[7,25,50,65,89,133,136,173],"and":[8,46,92,100,130,135,149],"send":[9],"it":[10,58],"to":[11,60,62,88,113],"cloud":[12],"servers.":[13],"However,":[14],"most":[15],"mobile":[16],"users":[17],"have":[18],"a":[19,32,38,144,158],"poor":[20],"understanding":[21],"of":[22,83,117,139,146,180],"why":[23],"their":[24],"is":[26],"being":[27],"collected.":[28],"We":[29,153],"present":[30],"MobiPurpose,":[31],"novel":[33],"technique":[34],"that":[35,109,168],"can":[36,110,170],"take":[37],"network":[39],"request":[40,125],"made":[41],"by":[42,72,161],"an":[43,177],"Android":[44],"app":[45,98],"then":[47],"classify":[48],"the":[49,64,103,115,132,172],"collection":[51,90,137,174],"purposes,":[52,91],"as":[53,87,97],"one":[54],"step":[55],"towards":[56],"making":[57],"possible":[59],"explain":[61],"non-experts":[63],"disclosure":[66],"contexts.":[67],"Our":[68,165],"purpose":[69,138,175],"inference":[70],"works":[71],"leveraging":[73],"two":[74],"observations:":[75],"1)":[76],"developer":[77],"naming":[78],"conventions":[79],"(e.g.,":[80],"URL":[81],"paths)":[82],"ten":[84,162],"offer":[85],"hints":[86],"2)":[93],"external":[94],"knowledge,":[95],"such":[96],"metadata":[99],"information":[101],"about":[102],"domain":[104],"name,":[105],"are":[106],"meaningful":[107],"cues":[108],"be":[111],"used":[112],"infer":[114],"behavior":[116],"different":[118],"traffic":[119,124],"requests.":[120],"MobiPurpose":[121,169],"parses":[122],"each":[123,140],"body":[126],"into":[127],"key-value":[128,141],"pairs,":[129],"infers":[131],"type":[134],"pair":[142],"using":[143,157],"combination":[145],"supervised":[147],"learning":[148],"text":[150],"pattern":[151],"bootstrapping.":[152],"evaluated":[154],"MobiPurpose's":[155],"effectiveness":[156],"dataset":[159],"cross-labeled":[160],"human":[163],"experts.":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"predict":[171],"with":[176],"average":[178],"precision":[179],"84%":[181],"(among":[182],"19":[183],"unique":[184],"categories).":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
