{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962844815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278782","title":"Always Lurking","display_name":"Always Lurking","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962844815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278782","mag":"2962844815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3278721.3278782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3278721.3278782","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067590952","display_name":"Kyle Hundman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Hundman","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065990625","display_name":"Thamme Gowda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801204180","display_name":"Marina Del Rey Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05wqyfz02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thamme Gowda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074197492","display_name":"Mayank Kejriwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5988-8305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801204180","display_name":"Marina Del Rey Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05wqyfz02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Kejriwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057716290","display_name":"Benedikt Boecking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-0531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Boecking","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0566,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91233154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"137","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6810704469680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6699875593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.6261261701583862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5753953456878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"Human trafficking","score":0.5500975847244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48469236493110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4688578248023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.42046108841896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4087839722633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39030903577804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.35087913274765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3484385907649994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32770025730133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20072028040885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.17077791690826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09778714179992676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6810704469680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6699875593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6261261701583862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5753953456878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.5500975847244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48469236493110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4688578248023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.42046108841896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4087839722633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39030903577804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35087913274765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3484385907649994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32770025730133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20072028040885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.17077791690826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09778714179992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3278721.3278782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3278721.3278782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3399935314","display_name":"An open source framework for metadata exploration and discovery of Polar Data","funder_award_id":"1348450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5995532187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ICER-1639753, PLR-1348450 and PLR-144562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8022370896","display_name":"Earthcube Building Blocks: Collaborative Proposal: Polar Data Insights and Search Analytics for the Deep and Scientific Web","funder_award_id":"1639753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G978455930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ICER-1639753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962844815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962844815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W328835304","https://openalex.org/W1136076469","https://openalex.org/W1929731315","https://openalex.org/W1934084512","https://openalex.org/W1963579188","https://openalex.org/W2026653933","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2091858563","https://openalex.org/W2120446809","https://openalex.org/W2134150392","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2222863356","https://openalex.org/W2613274208","https://openalex.org/W2618146768","https://openalex.org/W2744332631","https://openalex.org/W2765161047","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2952566282","https://openalex.org/W2962869311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W591528466","https://openalex.org/W3082943548","https://openalex.org/W3082037814","https://openalex.org/W3124131174","https://openalex.org/W3037187668","https://openalex.org/W2340486723","https://openalex.org/W4235187812","https://openalex.org/W2768439020","https://openalex.org/W3196231715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web-based":[0],"human":[1],"trafficking":[2,33,94,99,144],"activity":[3],"has":[4],"increased":[5],"in":[6],"recent":[7],"years":[8,106],"but":[9],"it":[10,155],"remains":[11],"sparsely":[12],"dispersed":[13],"among":[14],"escort":[15,66],"advertisements":[16,67,187],"and":[17,44,89,96,119,132,188],"difficult":[18],"to":[19,22,31,62,172,197],"identify":[20],"due":[21],"its":[23],"often-latent":[24],"nature.":[25],"The":[26],"use":[27],"of":[28,65,80,93,107,150,174],"intelligent":[29],"systems":[30],"detect":[32],"can":[34],"thus":[35],"have":[36],"a":[37,51,59,63,73,77,98,134,179],"direct":[38],"impact":[39],"on":[40,115],"investigative":[41],"resource":[42],"allocation":[43],"decision-making,":[45],"and,":[46],"more":[47],"broadly,":[48],"help":[49],"curb":[50],"widespread":[52],"social":[53,153],"problem.":[54],"Trafficking":[55],"detection":[56,95,100,145],"involves":[57],"assigning":[58],"normalized":[60],"score":[61,75],"set":[64],"crawled":[68],"from":[69],"the":[70,91,110],"Web":[71],"--":[72],"higher":[74],"indicates":[76],"greater":[78],"risk":[79],"trafficking-related":[81],"(involuntary)":[82],"activities.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85,123],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,125],"define":[88],"study":[90],"problem":[92],"present":[97,133],"pipeline":[101],"architecture":[102],"developed":[103],"over":[104,184,192],"three":[105],"research":[108],"within":[109],"DARPA":[111],"Memex":[112],"program.":[113],"Drawing":[114],"multi-institutional":[116],"data,":[117],"systems,":[118],"experiences":[120],"collected":[121],"during":[122],"time,":[124],"also":[126,156],"conduct":[127],"post":[128],"hoc":[129],"bias":[130,135],"analyses":[131],"mitigation":[136],"plan.":[137],"Our":[138],"findings":[139],"show":[140],"that,":[141],"while":[142],"automatic":[143],"is":[146,189],"an":[147,175],"important":[148],"application":[149],"AI":[151],"for":[152,160],"good,":[154],"provides":[157],"cautionary":[158],"lessons":[159],"deploying":[161],"predictive":[162],"machine":[163],"learning":[164],"algorithms":[165],"without":[166],"appropriate":[167],"de-biasing.":[168],"This":[169],"ultimately":[170],"led":[171],"integration":[173],"interpretable":[176],"solution":[177],"into":[178],"search":[180],"system":[181],"that":[182],"contains":[183],"100":[185],"million":[186],"used":[190],"by":[191],"200":[193],"law":[194],"enforcement":[195],"agencies":[196],"investigate":[198],"leads.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}
