{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807283246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","title":"Cake, Death, and Trolleys","display_name":"Cake, Death, and Trolleys","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807283246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","mag":"2807283246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085440297","display_name":"Edvard P. Bj\u00f8rgen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edvard P. Bj\u00f8rgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113874315","display_name":"Simen Madsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simen Madsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069495947","display_name":"Therese S. Bj\u00f8rknes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Therese S. Bj\u00f8rknes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080638715","display_name":"Fredrik V. Heims\u00e6ter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrik V. Heims\u00e6ter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028002625","display_name":"Robin H\u00e5vik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin H\u00e5vik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068149228","display_name":"Morten Linderud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morten Linderud","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077943743","display_name":"Per-Niklas Longberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per-Niklas Longberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040721287","display_name":"Louise A. Dennis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1426-1896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louise A. Dennis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031805291","display_name":"Marija Slavkovik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-8623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marija Slavkovik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92471769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8940884470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6567565202713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5507007837295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.48142191767692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33814287185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.30027246475219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.11926734447479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07505735754966736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8940884470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6567565202713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5507007837295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.48142191767692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33814287185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30027246475219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11926734447479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07505735754966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1146503476","display_name":"Verifiable Autonomy","funder_award_id":"EP/L024845/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6557167446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L024845/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100785191","https://openalex.org/W259068780","https://openalex.org/W1488489855","https://openalex.org/W1513458930","https://openalex.org/W1534682125","https://openalex.org/W1593687854","https://openalex.org/W1603212622","https://openalex.org/W1999850382","https://openalex.org/W2025854349","https://openalex.org/W2028770837","https://openalex.org/W2077889663","https://openalex.org/W2080950999","https://openalex.org/W2130661992","https://openalex.org/W2133460105","https://openalex.org/W2135226325","https://openalex.org/W2143063108","https://openalex.org/W2163399029","https://openalex.org/W2220500481","https://openalex.org/W2271326956","https://openalex.org/W2397620785","https://openalex.org/W2404989685","https://openalex.org/W2536769020","https://openalex.org/W2558143529","https://openalex.org/W2564658833","https://openalex.org/W2569890278","https://openalex.org/W2592549567","https://openalex.org/W2594443819","https://openalex.org/W2594925163","https://openalex.org/W2604644493","https://openalex.org/W2612890464","https://openalex.org/W2797784986","https://openalex.org/W2901792336","https://openalex.org/W2949071474","https://openalex.org/W3123016324","https://openalex.org/W4251455085","https://openalex.org/W4320476029","https://openalex.org/W6635771294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2011676020","https://openalex.org/W2000169967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"systems":[3,16],"are":[4],"becoming":[5],"part":[6],"of":[7,89,100,110],"our":[8],"lives":[9],"and":[10,35],"societies.":[11],"The":[12],"more":[13,21],"decisions":[14,28],"such":[15,101,111],"make":[17,30],"for":[18,84],"us,":[19],"the":[20,27,86],"we":[22,41,73],"need":[23],"to":[24,55,67],"ensure":[25],"that":[26,75,95],"they":[29],"have":[31],"a":[32,45,59,62,108,112],"positive":[33],"individual":[34],"societal":[36],"ethical":[37,50,77,87],"impact.":[38],"How":[39],"can":[40,79],"estimate":[42],"how":[43,57],"good":[44,58],"system":[46],"is":[47,53],"at":[48,115],"making":[49],"decisions?":[51],"Benchmarking":[52],"used":[54,81],"evaluate":[56],"machine":[60],"or":[61],"process":[63],"performs":[64],"with":[65],"respect":[66],"industry":[68],"bests.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper":[72],"argue":[74],"(some)":[76],"dilemmas":[78,102],"be":[80,104],"as":[82],"benchmarks":[83],"estimating":[85],"performance":[88],"an":[90,96],"autonomous":[91],"system.":[92],"We":[93,106],"advocate":[94],"open":[97],"source":[98],"repository":[99,113],"should":[103],"maintained.":[105],"present":[107],"prototype":[109],"available":[114],"https://imdb.":[116],"uib.no/dilemmaz/articles/all1.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
