{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963662115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278742","title":"Fair Forests","display_name":"Fair Forests","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963662115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278742","mag":"2963662115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068036546","display_name":"Edward Raff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-1972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322124587","display_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051rcp357","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Raff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059651448","display_name":"Jared Sylvester","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322124587","display_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051rcp357","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Sylvester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104669775","display_name":"Steven Mills","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322124587","display_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051rcp357","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98234473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"243","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7812672257423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6980774402618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6840923428535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6383635997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6366229057312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5403170585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4988689422607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinomial-distribution","display_name":"Multinomial distribution","score":0.4689682722091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinomial-logistic-regression","display_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","score":0.45950740575790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3250831365585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.16664627194404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13015839457511902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7812672257423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6980774402618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6840923428535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6383635997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6366229057312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5403170585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4988689422607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192065140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147928","display_name":"Multinomial distribution","level":2,"score":0.4689682722091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117568660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650843","display_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.45950740575790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3250831365585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.16664627194404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13015839457511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2040825624","https://openalex.org/W2059141064","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2097246321","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2106525823","https://openalex.org/W2157928966","https://openalex.org/W2169178923","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2608296545","https://openalex.org/W2907446639","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2950538796","https://openalex.org/W2963993553","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3102476541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2784774275","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W2184978910","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W4313289487","https://openalex.org/W1917858188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"potential":[1],"lack":[2],"of":[3,8,55,79,91],"fairness":[4,101,118],"in":[5,24,156],"the":[6,18,56,73,77,89,92,154],"outputs":[7],"machine":[9],"learning":[10],"algorithms":[11,36,151],"has":[12],"recently":[13],"gained":[14],"attention":[15],"both":[16,97,106],"within":[17],"research":[19],"community":[20],"as":[21,23,51,128,130,133],"well":[22,129],"society":[25],"more":[26,146],"broadly.":[27],"Surprisingly,":[28],"there":[29],"is":[30],"no":[31],"prior":[32],"work":[33],"developing":[34],"tree-induction":[35],"for":[37,76,105,117,150],"building":[38],"fair":[39,43,80],"decision":[40,81],"trees":[41],"or":[42],"random":[44],"forests.":[45],"These":[46],"methods":[47],"have":[48],"widespread":[49],"popularity":[50],"they":[52],"are":[53,120],"one":[54],"few":[57],"to":[58,70,122,135],"be":[59],"simultaneously":[60],"interpretable,":[61],"non-linear,":[62],"and":[63,100,109,125,138],"easy-to-use.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"we":[68,142],"develop,":[69],"our":[71,85],"knowledge,":[72],"first":[74],"technique":[75],"induction":[78],"trees.We":[82],"show":[83],"that":[84,152],"\"Fair":[86],"Forest\"":[87],"retains":[88],"benefits":[90],"tree-based":[93],"approach,":[94],"while":[95],"providing":[96],"greater":[98],"accuracy":[99],"than":[102,160],"other":[103],"alternatives,":[104],"\"group":[107],"fairness''":[108],"\"individual":[110],"fairness.''":[111],"We":[112],"also":[113],"introduce":[114],"new":[115],"measures":[116],"which":[119],"able":[121],"handle":[123],"multinomial":[124],"continues":[126],"attributes":[127,137],"regression":[131],"problems,":[132],"opposed":[134],"binary":[136],"labels":[139],"only.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"demonstrate":[143],"a":[144,162],"new,":[145],"robust":[147],"evaluation":[148],"procedure":[149],"considers":[153],"dataset":[155],"its":[157],"entirety":[158],"rather":[159],"only":[161],"specific":[163],"protected":[164],"attribute.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}
