{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897698918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3277593.3277606","title":"An architecture for IoT clock synchronization","display_name":"An architecture for IoT clock synchronization","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897698918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3277593.3277606","mag":"2897698918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3277593.3277606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3277593.3277606","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Internet of Things","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005495513","display_name":"Sathiya Kumaran Mani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-6917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sathiya Kumaran Mani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin - Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin - Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064327280","display_name":"Ramakrishnan Durairajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-5598"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramakrishnan Durairajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oregon","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043427561","display_name":"Paul Barford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-1819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Barford","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin - Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin - Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077852213","display_name":"Joel Sommers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-6532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39660569","display_name":"Colgate University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d23ve83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Sommers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colgate University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colgate University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94471242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.8185098171234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8006670475006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7737380266189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.7431650757789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.6289125680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.611812174320221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-rate","display_name":"Clock rate","score":0.4555673599243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4505109488964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-time-protocol","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","score":0.4420069754123688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager","display_name":"Digital clock manager","score":0.43186214566230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4286932349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4074598252773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.3936900496482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.2624224126338959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2555283010005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.22093147039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1813792884349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-synchronization","display_name":"Time synchronization","score":0.15820902585983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10366323590278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.0837688148021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.0661436915397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06414732336997986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.8185098171234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8006670475006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7737380266189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.7431650757789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.6289125680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.611812174320221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178693496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911691","display_name":"Clock rate","level":3,"score":0.4555673599243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4505109488964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217491","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4420069754123688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113074038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052","display_name":"Digital clock manager","level":5,"score":0.43186214566230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4286932349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4074598252773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.3936900496482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2624224126338959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2555283010005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.22093147039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1813792884349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.15820902585983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10366323590278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.0837688148021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0661436915397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06414732336997986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3277593.3277606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3277593.3277606","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Internet of Things","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6416014","https://openalex.org/W1858233876","https://openalex.org/W1967446311","https://openalex.org/W2009428216","https://openalex.org/W2018093989","https://openalex.org/W2024045435","https://openalex.org/W2044103179","https://openalex.org/W2094636498","https://openalex.org/W2105666891","https://openalex.org/W2108631737","https://openalex.org/W2117013146","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2144862439","https://openalex.org/W2283715726","https://openalex.org/W2549307515","https://openalex.org/W2554644185","https://openalex.org/W2806862496","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497331638","https://openalex.org/W2292909929","https://openalex.org/W4231008241","https://openalex.org/W2125201667","https://openalex.org/W2056489071","https://openalex.org/W2725370932","https://openalex.org/W3006003651","https://openalex.org/W4283816174","https://openalex.org/W4387123206","https://openalex.org/W2147254480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,76],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,78,150],"describe":[4],"an":[5],"architecture":[6],"for":[7],"clock":[8,37,47,63,140],"synchronization":[9,26,71,81,122],"in":[10],"IoT":[11,42],"devices":[12],"that":[13,119,167],"is":[14],"designed":[15],"to":[16,172],"be":[17],"scalable,":[18],"flexibly":[19],"accommodate":[20],"diverse":[21],"hardware,":[22],"and":[23,95,114,124,130,137,161],"maintain":[24],"tight":[25],"over":[27,54,107],"a":[28,80,85,88,96,108,139],"range":[29,109],"of":[30,52,67,104,110,142,155,176],"operating":[31,112],"conditions.":[32],"We":[33,45,100,117],"begin":[34],"by":[35],"examining":[36],"drift":[38,48],"on":[39,49,152],"two":[40],"standard":[41,70],"prototyping":[43],"platforms.":[44,116],"observe":[46],"the":[50,102,153],"order":[51],"seconds":[53],"relatively":[55],"short":[56],"time":[57],"periods,":[58],"as":[59,61],"well":[60],"poor":[62],"rate":[64],"stability,":[65],"each":[66],"which":[68,83,165],"make":[69],"protocols":[72],"ineffective.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"problem,":[77],"develop":[79],"system,":[82],"includes":[84],"lightweight":[86],"client,":[87],"new":[89],"packet":[90],"exchange":[91],"protocol":[92],"called":[93],"SPoT":[94,120],"scalable":[97],"reference":[98],"server.":[99],"evaluate":[101],"efficacy":[103],"our":[105,156,168],"system":[106,169],"configurations,":[111],"conditions":[113],"target":[115],"find":[118],"performs":[121],"22x":[123],"17x":[125],"more":[126],"accurately":[127],"than":[128],"MQTT":[129],"SNTP,":[131],"respectively,":[132],"at":[133,145],"high":[134],"noise":[135,147],"levels,":[136],"maintains":[138],"accuracy":[141],"within":[143],"~15ms":[144],"various":[146],"levels.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"report":[151],"scalability":[154],"server":[157],"implementation":[158],"through":[159],"microbenchmark":[160],"wide":[162],"area":[163],"experiments,":[164],"show":[166],"can":[170],"scale":[171],"support":[173],"large":[174],"numbers":[175],"clients":[177],"efficiently.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
