{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898500478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274851","title":"3D Localization for Sub-Centimeter Sized Devices","display_name":"3D Localization for Sub-Centimeter Sized Devices","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898500478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274851","mag":"2898500478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3274783.3274851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274851","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3274783.3274851","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3274783.3274851","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041637200","display_name":"Rajalakshmi Nandakumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-148X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajalakshmi Nandakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080282367","display_name":"Vikram Iyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-7953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikram Iyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011077730","display_name":"Shyamnath Gollakota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9863-3054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyamnath Gollakota","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041637200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7777,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97354188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"108","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.7543260455131531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.683607816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.6208719611167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.6179402470588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4924684464931488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.47216981649398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4436449110507965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.42208096385002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39761653542518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39286309480667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3614014983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1952754259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1652715802192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15557518601417542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13449570536613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13001501560211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12682124972343445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.7543260455131531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.683607816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.6208719611167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.6179402470588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4924684464931488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.47216981649398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4436449110507965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.42208096385002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39761653542518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39286309480667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3614014983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1952754259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1652715802192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15557518601417542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13449570536613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13001501560211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12682124972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3274783.3274851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274851","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3274783.3274851","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3274783.3274851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274851","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3274783.3274851","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898500478.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898500478.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W984265865","https://openalex.org/W1585879837","https://openalex.org/W1975419527","https://openalex.org/W1976733968","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W2007453537","https://openalex.org/W2059358778","https://openalex.org/W2069973845","https://openalex.org/W2099461393","https://openalex.org/W2102159398","https://openalex.org/W2109520672","https://openalex.org/W2111986491","https://openalex.org/W2118102321","https://openalex.org/W2120369087","https://openalex.org/W2135021336","https://openalex.org/W2138624877","https://openalex.org/W2147628505","https://openalex.org/W2164522453","https://openalex.org/W2300484078","https://openalex.org/W2307851164","https://openalex.org/W2460321923","https://openalex.org/W2481477255","https://openalex.org/W2495264776","https://openalex.org/W2509049935","https://openalex.org/W2527533813","https://openalex.org/W2547263323","https://openalex.org/W2559106682","https://openalex.org/W2594170375","https://openalex.org/W2615463707","https://openalex.org/W2761238645","https://openalex.org/W2762832056","https://openalex.org/W2768338969","https://openalex.org/W2770145176","https://openalex.org/W2788807219","https://openalex.org/W2885479472","https://openalex.org/W3098735113","https://openalex.org/W3139761353","https://openalex.org/W4247702180","https://openalex.org/W4248053622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2376202349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"vision":[1],"of":[2,11,63,65,76,151,162,181,201],"tracking":[3,41],"small":[4,53],"IoT":[5],"devices":[6],"runs":[7],"into":[8],"the":[9,69,116,125,158,179,198],"reality":[10],"localization":[12,71],"technologies":[13],"---":[14],"today":[15],"it":[16,186],"is":[17],"difficult":[18],"to":[19,141,153],"continuously":[20],"track":[21],"objects":[22],"through":[23,42],"walls":[24],"in":[25,89,187,193,204],"homes":[26,92,192],"and":[27,36,55,82,93,110,113,137,160,166,173,197,207],"warehouses":[28],"on":[29,52,144],"a":[30,50,79,100,194,202],"coin":[31,54],"cell":[32,57,146],"battery.":[33],"While":[34],"Wi-Fi":[35],"ultra-wideband":[37],"radios":[38],"can":[39,83,114],"provide":[40],"walls,":[43],"they":[44,60],"do":[45],"not":[46],"last":[47,139],"more":[48],"than":[49],"month":[51],"button":[56,145],"batteries":[58],"since":[59],"consume":[61,134],"tens":[62],"milliwatts":[64],"power.":[66],"We":[67,128,148],"present":[68],"first":[70],"system":[72],"that":[73,104,122],"consumes":[74],"microwatts":[75],"power":[77],"at":[78,169],"mobile":[80],"device":[81],"be":[84],"localized":[85],"across":[86,106],"multiple":[87],"rooms":[88,209],"settings":[90],"like":[91],"hospitals.":[94],"To":[95,177],"this":[96],"end,":[97],"we":[98,184],"introduce":[99],"multi-band":[101],"backscatter":[102,117],"prototype":[103],"operates":[105],"900":[107],"MHz,":[108],"2.4":[109],"5":[111],"GHz":[112],"extract":[115],"phase":[118],"information":[119],"from":[120,157],"signals":[121],"are":[123],"below":[124],"noise":[126],"floor.":[127],"build":[129],"sub-centimeter":[130],"sized":[131],"prototypes":[132],"which":[133],"93":[135],"\u03bcW":[136],"could":[138],"five":[140,191],"ten":[142],"years":[143],"batteries.":[147],"achieved":[149],"ranges":[150],"up":[152],"60":[154,174],"m":[155,175],"away":[156],"AP":[159],"accuracies":[161],"2,":[163],"12,":[164],"50":[165],"145":[167],"cm":[168],"1,":[170],"5,":[171],"30":[172],"respectively.":[176],"demonstrate":[178],"potential":[180],"our":[182],"design,":[183],"deploy":[185],"two":[188],"real-world":[189],"scenarios:":[190],"metropolitan":[195],"area":[196],"surgery":[199],"wing":[200],"hospital":[203],"patient":[205],"pre-op":[206],"post-op":[208],"as":[210,212],"well":[211],"storage":[213],"facilities.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
