{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889016530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3270101.3270103","title":"All You Need is \"Love\"","display_name":"All You Need is \"Love\"","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889016530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3270101.3270103","mag":"2889016530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3270101.3270103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3270101.3270103","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/1dfcbc7a-fa08-4633-9ffd-fb1c30dd844e","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029577594","display_name":"Tommi Gr\u00f6ndahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2293-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tommi Gr\u00f6ndahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051194788","display_name":"Luca Pajola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-6608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Pajola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022602939","display_name":"Mika Juuti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mika Juuti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847107","display_name":"Mauro Conti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Conti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padua, Padua, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padua, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016685507","display_name":"N. Asokan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-9871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Asokan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029577594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0926,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":199,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99239948,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9456999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7792317867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.694622814655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6825476884841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6491206288337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.6133466958999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5230337381362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.46425798535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4449399411678314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43668633699417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38595467805862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.2589761018753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08332449197769165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7792317867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.694622814655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6825476884841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6491206288337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.6133466958999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5230337381362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.46425798535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4449399411678314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43668633699417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38595467805862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.2589761018753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08332449197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3270101.3270103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3270101.3270103","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/35918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/1dfcbc7a-fa08-4633-9ffd-fb1c30dd844e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3324309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3324309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/35918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/1dfcbc7a-fa08-4633-9ffd-fb1c30dd844e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3805906","https://openalex.org/W78136081","https://openalex.org/W1492352846","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W2019096529","https://openalex.org/W2034031845","https://openalex.org/W2044173330","https://openalex.org/W2082983083","https://openalex.org/W2103231373","https://openalex.org/W2118157107","https://openalex.org/W2119804197","https://openalex.org/W2160685721","https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2181946808","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2525332836","https://openalex.org/W2540646130","https://openalex.org/W2564933006","https://openalex.org/W2594590228","https://openalex.org/W2602326674","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2784121710","https://openalex.org/W2799165947","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2951737564","https://openalex.org/W2963042536","https://openalex.org/W3006210356","https://openalex.org/W3103061166","https://openalex.org/W6735859685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,16,47,74,106,137,144],"spread":[2],"of":[3,15,50,76,112],"social":[4],"networks":[5],"and":[6,37,78,139],"their":[7],"unfortunate":[8],"use":[9],"for":[10,63],"hate":[11,30,65,108],"speech,":[12],"automatic":[13],"detection":[14,32,87],"latter":[17],"has":[18],"become":[19],"a":[20,122],"pressing":[21],"problem.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,60],"reproduce":[27],"seven":[28],"state-of-the-art":[29],"speech":[31,66],"models":[33,145],"from":[34,125],"prior":[35],"work,":[36],"show":[38,83],"that":[39,62,84,130],"they":[40,52],"perform":[41],"well":[42],"only":[43],"when":[44],"tested":[45],"on":[46,57],"same":[48],"type":[49,75],"data":[51,77],"were":[53],"trained":[54],"on.":[55],"Based":[56],"these":[58,113],"results,":[59],"argue":[61],"successful":[64],"detection,":[67],"model":[68],"architecture":[69],"is":[70,115],"less":[71],"important":[72],"than":[73,149],"labeling":[79],"criteria.":[80],"We":[81],"further":[82],"all":[85],"proposed":[86],"techniques":[88],"are":[89],"brittle":[90],"against":[91,118],"adversaries":[92],"who":[93],"can":[94],"(automatically)":[95],"insert":[96],"typos,":[97],"change":[98],"word":[99],"boundaries":[100],"or":[101],"add":[102],"innocuous":[103],"words":[104],"to":[105],"original":[107],"speech.":[109],"A":[110],"combination":[111],"methods":[114],"also":[116],"effective":[117],"Google":[119],"Perspective":[120],"-":[121],"cutting-edge":[123],"solution":[124],"industry.":[126],"Our":[127],"experiments":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"adversarial":[131],"training":[132],"does":[133],"not":[134],"completely":[135],"mitigate":[136],"attacks,":[138],"using":[140,150],"character-level":[141],"features":[142],"makes":[143],"systematically":[146],"more":[147],"attack-resistant":[148],"word-level":[151],"features.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2018-09-07T00:00:00"}
