{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896068600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3268966.3268974","title":"Quantifying the Effectiveness of Software Diversity using Near-Duplicate Detection Algorithms","display_name":"Quantifying the Effectiveness of Software Diversity using Near-Duplicate Detection Algorithms","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896068600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3268966.3268974","mag":"2896068600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3268966.3268974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3268966.3268974","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046121001","display_name":"Joel Coffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-4450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel Coffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027085084","display_name":"Aurin Chakravarty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurin Chakravarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062759603","display_name":"Joshua A. Russo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua A. Russo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060107950","display_name":"Andrew S. Gearhart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Gearhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046121001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69700988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.800417423248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7716430425643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6161410212516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5671725869178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.532092273235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5054218769073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4850305914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4848979115486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.4472811222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.42034420371055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32972803711891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17066413164138794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.800417423248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7716430425643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6161410212516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5671725869178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.532092273235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5054218769073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4850305914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4848979115486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.4472811222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42034420371055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32972803711891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17066413164138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3268966.3268974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3268966.3268974","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74897528","https://openalex.org/W1502916507","https://openalex.org/W1549130775","https://openalex.org/W1992221070","https://openalex.org/W1999346693","https://openalex.org/W2012969172","https://openalex.org/W2021963610","https://openalex.org/W2041839827","https://openalex.org/W2071082663","https://openalex.org/W2081105932","https://openalex.org/W2082594235","https://openalex.org/W2083331665","https://openalex.org/W2085922539","https://openalex.org/W2086277109","https://openalex.org/W2111295912","https://openalex.org/W2111817346","https://openalex.org/W2114324672","https://openalex.org/W2123845384","https://openalex.org/W2124408793","https://openalex.org/W2126851641","https://openalex.org/W2126907894","https://openalex.org/W2147625551","https://openalex.org/W2147717514","https://openalex.org/W2151375725","https://openalex.org/W2163225748","https://openalex.org/W2165597437","https://openalex.org/W2168154523","https://openalex.org/W2172607710","https://openalex.org/W2289955225","https://openalex.org/W2536006684","https://openalex.org/W2560252021","https://openalex.org/W2751013686","https://openalex.org/W2788864200","https://openalex.org/W2792211467","https://openalex.org/W2883631826","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W1966145327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"diversity":[1,33,142,191],"is":[2,44],"touted":[3],"as":[4,57,123,132],"a":[5,58,88,133,168,183],"way":[6,59,134],"to":[7,20,60,70,77,104,135,152,156,167],"substantially":[8],"increase":[9],"the":[10,30,40,62,78,93,137,172,187],"cost":[11],"of":[12,26,32,65,73,95,140,189],"cyber":[13],"attacks":[14],"by":[15,83,175],"limiting":[16],"an":[17,27,74],"attacker's":[18],"ability":[19,69],"reuse":[21],"exploits":[22],"across":[23],"diversified":[24],"variants":[25,72],"application.":[28,75],"Despite":[29],"number":[31],"techniques":[34,153],"that":[35,97,163],"have":[36],"been":[37],"described":[38],"in":[39,116,186],"research":[41],"literature,":[42],"little":[43],"known":[45],"about":[46],"their":[47,68,113],"effectiveness.":[48],"In":[49,126,179],"this":[50,102],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,86,128,181],"consider":[53],"near-duplicate":[54,176],"detection":[55,109,177],"algorithms":[56,110,131],"measure":[61],"static":[63],"aspects":[64],"software":[66],"diversity---viz.,":[67],"recognize":[71],"Due":[76],"widely":[79],"varying":[80],"results":[81,161],"reported":[82,174],"previous":[84],"studies,":[85],"describe":[87],"novel":[89],"technique":[90,103],"for":[91,119],"measuring":[92],"similarity":[94,173],"applications":[96],"share":[98],"libraries.":[99],"We":[100],"use":[101,129],"systematically":[105],"compare":[106],"various":[107,141,190],"near-duplication":[108],"and":[111,149],"demonstrate":[112],"wide":[114,184],"range":[115,185],"effectiveness,":[117],"including":[118],"real-world":[120],"tasks":[121],"such":[122],"malware":[124],"triage.":[125],"addition,":[127,180],"these":[130],"assess":[136],"relative":[138],"strength":[139],"strategies,":[143],"from":[144],"recompilation":[145],"with":[146],"different":[147],"compilers":[148],"optimization":[150],"levels":[151],"specifically":[154],"designed":[155],"thwart":[157],"exploit":[158],"reuse.":[159],"Our":[160],"indicate":[162],"even":[164],"small":[165],"changes":[166],"binary":[169],"disproportionately":[170],"affect":[171],"algorithms.":[178],"observe":[182],"effectiveness":[188],"strategies.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}