{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896248865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3267357.3267370","title":"Online Tracking of Kids and Teens by Means of Invisible Images","display_name":"Online Tracking of Kids and Teens by Means of Invisible Images","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896248865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3267357.3267370","mag":"2896248865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3267357.3267370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3267357.3267370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Multimedia Privacy and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4157402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079596413","display_name":"Natalija Vlajic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-0128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalija Vlajic","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061432078","display_name":"Marmara El Masri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marmara El Masri","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017450718","display_name":"Gianluigi M. Riva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-2100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluigi M. Riva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005459236","display_name":"Marguerite Barry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-2673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marguerite Barry","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109034509","display_name":"Derek Doran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Doran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4185,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9343634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"96","last_page":"103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.737025260925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6898123025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.606013298034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5565167665481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.5192675590515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5012636184692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4508485794067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.41392824053764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3786040246486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3295307755470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3160288333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.25465863943099976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.737025260925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6898123025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.606013298034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5565167665481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.5192675590515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5012636184692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4508485794067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.41392824053764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3786040246486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3295307755470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3160288333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.25465863943099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3267357.3267370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3267357.3267370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Multimedia Privacy and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4157402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4157402","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4157402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:corescholar.libraries.wright.edu:cse-1512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3267357.3267370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400146","display_name":"CORE Scholar (Wright State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","host_organization_name":"Wright State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4157402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4157402","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4157402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896248865.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896248865.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558106877","https://openalex.org/W1978912102","https://openalex.org/W2796498984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2889587551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,176,204,233],"recent":[1],"news":[2],"of":[3,18,26,33,42,79,98,107,133,142,152,179,190,200,206],"a":[4,95,153,166,198],"large-scale":[5],"online":[6,35,70,80,111],"tracking":[7,58,81,144,196,209,231,260],"campaign":[8],"involving":[9],"Facebook":[10],"users,":[11,71],"which":[12,136],"gave":[13],"way":[14],"to":[15,56,61,103,187,239,259],"systematic":[16],"misuse":[17],"the":[19,31,40,43,48,77,105,113,121,131,157,170,207,243,247],"collected":[20],"user-related":[21],"data,":[22],"have":[23],"left":[24],"millions":[25],"people":[27],"deeply":[28],"concerned":[29],"about":[30,76],"state":[32,41],"their":[34,240],"privacy":[36,106],"as":[37,39,163,165,184],"well":[38,164],"overall":[44],"information":[45],"security":[46],"in":[47,82,145,150,156,169,197,211,246],"cyber":[49],"world.":[50],"While":[51],"most":[52],"to-date":[53],"revelations":[54],"pertaining":[55],"user":[57,143,154,167,195],"are":[59,182,255],"related":[60],"websites":[62,83,149],"and":[63,87,109,120,192,217,226,230],"social":[64],"media":[65],"generally":[66],"intended":[67],"for":[68,139],"adult":[69],"relatively":[72],"little":[73],"is":[74,161,174,210,221],"known":[75],"prevalence":[78],"geared":[84],"towards":[85],"children":[86,244],"teens.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90,180],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,129],"first":[93],"provide":[94],"brief":[96],"overview":[97],"two":[99],"laws":[100],"that":[101],"seek":[102],"protect":[104],"kids":[108],"teens":[110],"?":[112],"US":[114,241],"Children's":[115],"Online":[116],"Privacy":[117],"Act":[118],"(COPPA)":[119],"EU":[122,171,248],"General":[123],"Data":[124],"Protection":[125],"Regulation":[126],"(GDPR).":[127],"Subsequently,":[128],"present":[130],"results":[132,234],"our":[134],"study":[135,181],"has":[137],"looked":[138],"potential":[140],"signs":[141],"twenty":[146],"select":[147],"children-oriented":[148,202],"case":[151],"located":[155,168],"USA":[158],"(where":[159,172],"COPPA":[160,216],"applicable)":[162],"GDPR":[173],"applicable).":[175],"key":[177],"findings":[178],"alarming":[183],"they":[185],"point":[186],"overwhelming":[188],"evidence":[189],"widespread":[191],"highly":[193],"covert":[194],"range":[199],"different":[201],"websites.":[203],"majority":[205],"discovered":[208],"direct":[212],"conflict":[213],"with":[214],"both":[215],"GDPR,":[218],"since":[219],"it":[220],"performed":[222],"without":[223],"parental":[224],"consent":[225],"by":[227,261],"third-party":[228,262],"advertising":[229],"companies.":[232,263],"also":[235],"imply":[236],"that,":[237],"relative":[238],"counterparts,":[242],"residing":[245],"may":[249],"be":[250],"somewhat":[251],"less":[252],"subjected":[253],"(but":[254],"still":[256],"significantly":[257],"exposed)":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}