{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2894779371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3239235.3268917","title":"The most common causes and effects of technical debt","display_name":"The most common causes and effects of technical debt","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2894779371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3239235.3268917","mag":"2894779371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3239235.3268917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3239235.3268917","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061164498","display_name":"Nicolli Rios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126158947","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Bahia","ror":"https://ror.org/03k3p7647","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126158947"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicolli Rios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126158947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020235955","display_name":"Rodrigo Sp\u00ednola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44314228","display_name":"Universidade Salvador","ror":"https://ror.org/01afz2176","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44314228"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Oliveira Sp\u00ednola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Salvador University, Salvador, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Salvador University, Salvador, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44314228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025579659","display_name":"Manoel Mendon\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-7665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126158947","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Bahia","ror":"https://ror.org/03k3p7647","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126158947"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoel Mendon\u00e7a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126158947"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026540719","display_name":"Carolyn Seaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-9830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Seaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061164498"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126158947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98640006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.9370577335357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-quo","display_name":"Status quo","score":0.6445513963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.63959801197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5675246715545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.5482438802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.5382112860679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5353634357452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5322140455245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5180961489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.4654005467891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4154844880104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33561766147613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.32607632875442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3233721852302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1717037856578827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1359741985797882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10036879777908325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.9370577335357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.6445513963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.63959801197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5675246715545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5482438802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5382112860679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5353634357452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5322140455245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5180961489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4654005467891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4154844880104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33561766147613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.32607632875442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3233721852302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1717037856578827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1359741985797882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10036879777908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3239235.3268917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3239235.3268917","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315163914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"458261/2014-9","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134039274","https://openalex.org/W1529465401","https://openalex.org/W1658908529","https://openalex.org/W1826514372","https://openalex.org/W1840755814","https://openalex.org/W1936022305","https://openalex.org/W1961266972","https://openalex.org/W1964401032","https://openalex.org/W1965658570","https://openalex.org/W1968024235","https://openalex.org/W1992602600","https://openalex.org/W2015187825","https://openalex.org/W2091668716","https://openalex.org/W2104577574","https://openalex.org/W2184280076","https://openalex.org/W2187303492","https://openalex.org/W2367359560","https://openalex.org/W2462947182","https://openalex.org/W2806073060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386106790","https://openalex.org/W2171114985","https://openalex.org/W3121336575","https://openalex.org/W1840755814","https://openalex.org/W2060038150","https://openalex.org/W2031271477","https://openalex.org/W3123696707","https://openalex.org/W3130266246","https://openalex.org/W1985040977","https://openalex.org/W4234730551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,90],"presence":[2,85],"of":[3,35,76,83,92,102,122,130,136,143,148,181,194,198,224,230,234,253,280,291,316],"technical":[4],"debt":[5,77],"(TD)":[6],"brings":[7],"risks":[8],"to":[9,17,63,72,116,167,250,287],"a":[10,48,132,218,235,304],"software":[11,87,208],"project":[12],"and":[13,41,119,141,145,178,232,244,266,277,306,314],"makes":[14],"it":[15,59],"difficult":[16],"manage.":[18],"Several":[19],"TD":[20,36,53,106,117,162,295],"management":[21,54],"strategies":[22],"have":[23],"been":[24],"proposed,":[25],"but":[26],"considering":[27],"actions":[28],"that":[29,67,114,215,248,296],"could":[30,68],"explicitly":[31],"prevent":[32],"the":[33,38,65,81,100,105,109,112,120,128,146,155,182,191,195,199,206,211,222,240,251,256,271,289],"insertion":[34],"in":[37,104,157,184,294],"first":[39,150,192,196],"place":[40],"monitor":[42],"its":[43,149],"effects":[44,82,121,142,279],"is":[45,55,60,95,165,217],"not":[46,298],"yet":[47,299],"common":[49],"practice.":[50],"Thus,":[51],"while":[52],"an":[56,170],"important":[57],"topic,":[58],"also":[61],"worthwhile":[62],"understand":[64],"causes":[66,113,140,247],"lead":[69,115,249],"development":[70],"teams":[71],"incur":[73],"different":[74,185],"types":[75],"as":[78,80,169],"well":[79],"their":[84],"on":[86,139,176],"projects.":[88],"Aims:":[89],"objective":[91],"this":[93],"work":[94],"twofold.":[96],"First,":[97],"we":[98,126,285],"investigate":[99],"state":[101],"practice":[103],"area":[107],"including":[108],"status":[110],"quo,":[111],"occurrence,":[118],"existing":[123],"TD.":[124,225,254,281,317],"Second,":[125],"present":[127],"design":[129],"InsighTD,":[131,284],"globally":[133],"distributed":[134],"family":[135],"industrial":[137],"surveys":[138],"TD,":[144],"results":[147,193],"execution.":[151],"Method:":[152],"We":[153],"designed":[154,166],"InsighTD":[156],"joint":[158],"collaboration":[159],"with":[160,221],"several":[161],"researchers.":[163],"It":[164],"run":[168],"incremental":[171],"large":[172],"scale":[173],"study":[174],"based":[175],"continuous":[177,305],"independent":[179],"replications":[180],"questionnaire":[183],"countries.":[186],"Results:":[187],"This":[188],"paper":[189],"presents":[190],"execution":[197],"survey.":[200],"In":[201],"total,":[202],"107":[203],"practitioners":[204],"from":[205],"Brazilian":[207],"industry":[209],"answered":[210],"questionnaire.":[212],"Results":[213],"indicate":[214],"there":[216],"broad":[219],"familiarity":[220],"concept":[223],"Deadlines,":[226],"inappropriate":[227],"planning,":[228],"lack":[229,233],"knowledge,":[231],"well-defined":[236],"process":[237],"are":[238,269,297],"among":[239,270],"top":[241,272],"10":[242,273],"cited":[243,276],"most":[245,274],"likely":[246],"occurrence":[252],"On":[255],"other":[257],"side,":[258],"low":[259,263],"quality,":[260],"delivery":[261],"delay,":[262],"maintainability,":[264],"rework":[265],"financial":[267],"loss":[268],"commonly":[275],"impactful":[278],"Conclusion:":[282],"With":[283],"intend":[286],"reduce":[288],"problem":[290],"isolated":[292],"investigations":[293],"representative":[300],"and,":[301],"thus,":[302],"build":[303],"generalizable":[307],"empirical":[308],"basis":[309],"for":[310],"understanding":[311],"practical":[312],"problems":[313],"challenges":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
