{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2888328667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3240732","title":"An empirical investigation into learning bug-fixing patches in the wild via neural machine translation","display_name":"An empirical investigation into learning bug-fixing patches in the wild via neural machine translation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2888328667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3240732","mag":"2888328667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3238147.3240732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3240732","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3238147.3240732","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3238147.3240732","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020154435","display_name":"Michele Tufano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michele Tufano","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of William and Mary, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of William and Mary, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104271099","display_name":"Cody Watson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cody Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of William and Mary, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of William and Mary, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056526226","display_name":"Gabriele Bavota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2216-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Bavota","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025099559","display_name":"Massimiliano Di Penta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0340-9747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Di Penta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sannio, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sannio, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052669359","display_name":"Martin White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-2274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin White","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of William and Mary, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of William and Mary, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041262116","display_name":"Denys Poshyvanyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-7586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denys Poshyvanyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of William and Mary, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of William and Mary, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020154435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.4735,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99435539,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"832","last_page":"837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.826597273349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6656018495559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.6594959497451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6336535811424255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5585955381393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5448846220970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5083290934562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5047255754470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4862174093723297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4736270308494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4298173189163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4111665189266205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.34666961431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16322702169418335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.826597273349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6656018495559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.6594959497451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6336535811424255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5585955381393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5448846220970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5083290934562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5047255754470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4862174093723297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4736270308494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4298173189163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4111665189266205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34666961431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16322702169418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3238147.3240732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3240732","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3238147.3240732","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3238147.3240732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3240732","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3238147.3240732","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6310427565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1525902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888328667.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888328667.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130558454","https://openalex.org/W841012168","https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W2010608861","https://openalex.org/W2016027000","https://openalex.org/W2061575154","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2065489029","https://openalex.org/W2100627043","https://openalex.org/W2110385988","https://openalex.org/W2122947685","https://openalex.org/W2139410856","https://openalex.org/W2143861926","https://openalex.org/W2145124323","https://openalex.org/W2145373440","https://openalex.org/W2150198410","https://openalex.org/W2151511199","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2237372923","https://openalex.org/W2274071363","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2400994325","https://openalex.org/W2402619042","https://openalex.org/W2511803001","https://openalex.org/W2537787699","https://openalex.org/W2594990650","https://openalex.org/W2729710884","https://openalex.org/W2739564891","https://openalex.org/W2741328617","https://openalex.org/W2784445699","https://openalex.org/W2794601162","https://openalex.org/W2949335953","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3006539356","https://openalex.org/W3103458892","https://openalex.org/W3104074892","https://openalex.org/W4210712189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W270927586","https://openalex.org/W2377966044","https://openalex.org/W283806354","https://openalex.org/W2109132550","https://openalex.org/W2137137834","https://openalex.org/W1839869193","https://openalex.org/W4327929036","https://openalex.org/W3089977198","https://openalex.org/W2527612534","https://openalex.org/W1970103715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millions":[0],"of":[1,15,44,60,66,73,109,121,130],"open-source":[2],"projects":[3],"with":[4],"numerous":[5],"bug":[6],"fixes":[7],"are":[8],"available":[9],"in":[10,113,128],"code":[11,97],"repositories.":[12],"This":[13],"proliferation":[14],"software":[16],"development":[17],"histories":[18,65],"can":[19],"be":[20],"leveraged":[21],"to":[22,25,40,69,88,94,106],"learn":[23],"how":[24],"fix":[26,107],"common":[27],"programming":[28],"bugs.":[29],"To":[30],"explore":[31],"such":[32,74],"a":[33],"potential,":[34],"we":[35,77],"perform":[36],"an":[37,90],"empirical":[38],"study":[39],"assess":[41],"the":[42,63,79,114,131],"feasibility":[43],"using":[45],"Neural":[46],"Machine":[47],"Translation":[48],"techniques":[49],"for":[50,54],"learning":[51],"bug-fixing":[52],"patches":[53,124],"real":[55],"defects.":[56],"We":[57],"mine":[58],"millions":[59],"bug-fixes":[61],"from":[62],"change":[64],"GitHub":[67],"repositories":[68],"extract":[70],"meaningful":[71],"examples":[72],"bug-fixes.":[75],"Then,":[76],"abstract":[78],"buggy":[80,96,111],"and":[81,85],"corresponding":[82],"fixed":[83,100,123],"code,":[84],"use":[86],"them":[87],"train":[89],"Encoder-Decoder":[91],"model":[92,103,118],"able":[93,105],"translate":[95],"into":[98],"its":[99],"version.":[101],"Our":[102],"is":[104,119],"hundreds":[108],"unique":[110],"methods":[112],"wild.":[115],"Overall,":[116],"this":[117],"capable":[120],"predicting":[122],"generated":[125],"by":[126],"developers":[127],"9%":[129],"cases.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
