{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963913218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","title":"Concolic testing for deep neural networks","display_name":"Concolic testing for deep neural networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963913218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","mag":"2963913218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3238147.3238172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/185710884/Concolic_Testing_for_Deep_Neural_Networks.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060663223","display_name":"Youcheng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-6259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youcheng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340964","display_name":"Min Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-3600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074225885","display_name":"Wenjie Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-8738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020085889","display_name":"Xiaowei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-0366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081710233","display_name":"Marta Kwiatkowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-7599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Kwiatkowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086206346","display_name":"Daniel Kroening","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6681-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kroening","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060663223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":57.2297,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":329,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99919824,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"109","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concolic-testing","display_name":"Concolic testing","score":0.9796422719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7001965641975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.663951575756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.6292865872383118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4998922348022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46977776288986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-analysis","display_name":"Program analysis","score":0.46532103419303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4630572497844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-data-analysis","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","score":0.4501587450504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4210833013057709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3428381085395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3271747827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.26315051317214966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11219265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158734","display_name":"Concolic testing","level":4,"score":0.9796422719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001965641975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.663951575756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.6292865872383118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4998922348022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46977776288986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.46532103419303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4630572497844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65620979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661176","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","level":2,"score":0.4501587450504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4210833013057709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3428381085395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3271747827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.26315051317214966}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3238147.3238172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/dbefed1c-01a4-4351-9676-ffdb3c8515cf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/dbefed1c-01a4-4351-9676-ffdb3c8515cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Wu, M, Ruan, W, Huang, X, Kwiatkowska, M & Kroening, D 2018, Concolic Testing for Deep Neural Networks. in Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. pp. 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/122298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/122298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/d28e4073-8af2-4591-9ed1-0d4a5c476786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/d28e4073-8af2-4591-9ed1-0d4a5c476786","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/185710884/Concolic_Testing_for_Deep_Neural_Networks.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Wu, M, Ruan, W, Huang, X, Kwiatkowska, M & Kroening, D 2018, Concolic Testing for Deep Neural Networks. in Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/dbefed1c-01a4-4351-9676-ffdb3c8515cf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/concolic-testing-for-deep-neural-networks(dbefed1c-01a4-4351-9676-ffdb3c8515cf).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Wu, M, Ruan, W, Huang, X, Kwiatkowska, M & Kroening, D 2018, Concolic Testing for Deep Neural Networks. in Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. pp. 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/d28e4073-8af2-4591-9ed1-0d4a5c476786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/d28e4073-8af2-4591-9ed1-0d4a5c476786","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/185710884/Concolic_Testing_for_Deep_Neural_Networks.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Wu, M, Ruan, W, Huang, X, Kwiatkowska, M & Kroening, D 2018, Concolic Testing for Deep Neural Networks. in Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238172","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2241406505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007187/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2483205037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M019918/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5445011987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K004379/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6577499357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N508664/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963913218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963913218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157156687","https://openalex.org/W1538643901","https://openalex.org/W1580389772","https://openalex.org/W1584259498","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1710734607","https://openalex.org/W1845288303","https://openalex.org/W2009489720","https://openalex.org/W2096449544","https://openalex.org/W2163499368","https://openalex.org/W2171683519","https://openalex.org/W2334754211","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2775085189","https://openalex.org/W2789584252","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2795180899","https://openalex.org/W2795283266","https://openalex.org/W2798164686","https://openalex.org/W2800473699","https://openalex.org/W2803850896","https://openalex.org/W2869036160","https://openalex.org/W2949531572","https://openalex.org/W2962957157","https://openalex.org/W2963208512","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W4232276817","https://openalex.org/W4234539992","https://openalex.org/W4234542549","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W6606430823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W345638404","https://openalex.org/W2019299443","https://openalex.org/W4245197793","https://openalex.org/W51612467","https://openalex.org/W2514597554","https://openalex.org/W1994915990","https://openalex.org/W3026405340","https://openalex.org/W2082172430","https://openalex.org/W2005201077","https://openalex.org/W1552900908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concolic":[0],"testing":[1,25,61,77],"combines":[2],"program":[3],"execution":[4,11],"and":[5,52,84],"symbolic":[6],"analysis":[7],"to":[8,41,58],"explore":[9],"the":[10,22,50,63,72,75],"paths":[12],"of":[13,65,74],"a":[14,55],"software":[15],"program.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"paper,":[19],"we":[20,34],"develop":[21,54],"first":[23],"concolic":[24,60,76],"approach":[26,78],"for":[27],"Deep":[28],"Neural":[29],"Networks":[30],"(DNNs).":[31],"More":[32],"specifically,":[33],"utilise":[35],"quantified":[36],"linear":[37],"arithmetic":[38],"over":[39],"rationals":[40],"express":[42],"test":[43],"requirements":[44],"that":[45],"have":[46],"been":[47],"studied":[48],"in":[49,79],"literature,":[51],"then":[53],"coherent":[56],"method":[57],"perform":[59],"with":[62],"aim":[64],"better":[66],"coverage.":[67],"Our":[68],"experimental":[69],"results":[70],"show":[71],"effectiveness":[73],"both":[80],"achieving":[81],"high":[82],"coverage":[83],"finding":[85],"adversarial":[86],"examples.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}