{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2396214298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3230630","title":"Pseudorandomness from Shrinkage","display_name":"Pseudorandomness from Shrinkage","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2396214298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3230630","mag":"2396214298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3230630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3230630","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3230630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3230630","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002208831","display_name":"Russell Impagliazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-9796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell Impagliazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego","University of California\u2014San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2014San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044675813","display_name":"Raghu Meka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7676-2762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghu Meka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles","University of California-Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California-Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052332525","display_name":"David Zuckerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Zuckerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00287716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandomness","display_name":"Pseudorandomness","score":0.8619130849838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7195897698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6635149717330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.6622661352157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.5863956212997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.537659227848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.5014526844024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.4950620234012604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponent","display_name":"Exponent","score":0.46891364455223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator","score":0.42456740140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27439504861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2188468873500824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19086982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115856","display_name":"Pseudorandomness","level":3,"score":0.8619130849838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7195897698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6635149717330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.6622661352157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.5863956212997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.537659227848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.5014526844024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4950620234012604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.46891364455223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92913381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7255474","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator","level":3,"score":0.42456740140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27439504861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2188468873500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3230630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3230630","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3230630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1015.9057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1015.9057","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.math.ias.edu/csdm/files/11-12/rimpagliazzo_pseudorandomness_from_shrinkage.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2396214298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3230630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3230630","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3230630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1534285215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0916160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1723858993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1705028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2386578812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0832797, CCF-0916160, CCF-121351, CCF-1526952, CCF-1553605, DMS-0835373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3209511820","display_name":"AF:Small:Pseudorandomness, Codes, and Distributed Computing","funder_award_id":"0916160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3597499912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF\u20101553605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G402810861","display_name":"AF:Medium:Fine-Grained Derandomization","funder_award_id":"1705028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4289525447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0832797","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4694693377","display_name":"AF: Small: Fundamental Connections in Randomness and Complexity","funder_award_id":"1526952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4947009522","display_name":"CAREER: The power and limitations of randomness","funder_award_id":"1553605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G630445715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-0835373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6651341434","display_name":"CDI Type II:  Pseudorandomness","funder_award_id":"0835373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6741262221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1526952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332311","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study, University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2396214298.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2396214298.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1850905020","https://openalex.org/W1964089073","https://openalex.org/W1991702990","https://openalex.org/W1998918799","https://openalex.org/W1999779303","https://openalex.org/W2007121506","https://openalex.org/W2008470071","https://openalex.org/W2011438986","https://openalex.org/W2023915883","https://openalex.org/W2026036943","https://openalex.org/W2026987631","https://openalex.org/W2030586582","https://openalex.org/W2055097525","https://openalex.org/W2060474153","https://openalex.org/W2063844956","https://openalex.org/W2068411691","https://openalex.org/W2078686944","https://openalex.org/W2090418561","https://openalex.org/W2129059686","https://openalex.org/W2154935036","https://openalex.org/W2158747250","https://openalex.org/W2164284862","https://openalex.org/W2166517878","https://openalex.org/W2611754984","https://openalex.org/W2774308749","https://openalex.org/W2998808137","https://openalex.org/W3135136441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2938685469","https://openalex.org/W2950165180","https://openalex.org/W1608156768","https://openalex.org/W2579778454","https://openalex.org/W2407347952","https://openalex.org/W2950941539","https://openalex.org/W2397366471","https://openalex.org/W3034628227","https://openalex.org/W3183840797","https://openalex.org/W2999855057","https://openalex.org/W2072311401","https://openalex.org/W3035226643","https://openalex.org/W1699753700","https://openalex.org/W3115733768","https://openalex.org/W2951031261","https://openalex.org/W2809421804","https://openalex.org/W2771926150","https://openalex.org/W1995725694","https://openalex.org/W2790350908","https://openalex.org/W3126402506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"powerful":[1],"theme":[2],"in":[3,8,40,89,123,153],"complexity":[4],"theory":[5],"and":[6,42,181,259],"pseudorandomness":[7],"the":[9,15,26,92,118,124,154,173,183],"past":[10],"few":[11],"decades":[12],"has":[13,102],"been":[14],"use":[16],"of":[17,63,114,120,129,141,156,176,178,228,249],"lower":[18,56,61,72,93],"bounds":[19,57,62,73],"to":[20,150,255],"give":[21,46],"pseudorandom":[22],"generators":[23],"(PRGs).":[24],"However,":[25],"general":[27],"results":[28],"using":[29,76,161],"this":[30,162],"hardness":[31],"vs.":[32],"randomness":[33],"paradigm":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36],"a":[37,64,99,107,111,127,139],"quantitative":[38],"loss":[39],"parameters,":[41],"hence":[43],"do":[44,59],"not":[45],"nontrivial":[47],"implications":[48],"for":[49,172,244,262],"models":[50],"where":[51],"we":[52,79,165],"don\u2019t":[53],"know":[54,60],"super-polynomial":[55],"but":[58],"fixed":[65],"polynomial.":[66],"We":[67],"show":[68],"that":[69,98],"when":[70],"such":[71],"are":[74,84],"proved":[75],"random":[77,108],"restrictions,":[78],"can":[80],"construct":[81],"PRGs":[82,167,242],"which":[83],"essentially":[85],"best":[86,241],"possible":[87],"without":[88],"turn":[90],"improving":[91],"bounds.":[94],"More":[95],"specifically,":[96],"say":[97],"circuit":[100,122],"family":[101,125,155],"shrinkage":[103],"exponent":[104],"\u0393":[105,131],"if":[106],"restriction":[109],"leaving":[110],"p":[112,130],"fraction":[113],"variables":[115],"unset":[116],"shrinks":[117],"size":[119,157,179,229,263],"any":[121],"by":[126],"factor":[128],"+":[132,145,147],"o":[133,148,196,210,236],"(1)":[134,149,187,197,211,237],".":[135,159,238],"Our":[136],"PRG":[137],"uses":[138],"seed":[140,185,192,206,219,232],"length":[142,193,207,220,233,250],"s":[143,158,180,194,208,221,230,234,264],"1/(\u0393":[144],"1)":[146],"fool":[151],"circuits":[152,177],"By":[160],"generic":[163],"construction,":[164],"get":[166],"with":[168,182],"polynomially":[169],"small":[170],"error":[171],"following":[174,184],"classes":[175,246],"lengths:":[186],"For":[188,200,214,225],"de":[189,216],"Morgan":[190,217],"formulas,":[191,218],"1/3+":[195],";":[198,212,223],"(2)":[199],"formulas":[201],"over":[202],"an":[203],"arbitrary":[204],"basis,":[205],"1/2+":[209,235],"(3)":[213],"read-once":[215],".234...":[222],"(4)":[224],"branching":[226],"programs":[227],",":[231],"The":[239],"previous":[240],"known":[243],"these":[245],"used":[247],"seeds":[248],"bigger":[251],"than":[252],"n":[253,257,268],"/2":[254],"output":[256],"bits,":[258],"worked":[260],"only":[261],"=":[265],"O":[266],"(":[267],")":[269],"[8].":[270]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
