{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103863878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212998","title":"Majority is not enough","display_name":"Majority is not enough","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103863878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212998","mag":"2103863878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3212998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087255124","display_name":"Ittay Eyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-2258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ittay Eyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion, Haifa, Israel","Technion , Haifa , Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion , Haifa , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043731494","display_name":"Emin G\u00fcn Sirer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emin G\u00fcn Sirer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":204.501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":748,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99988191,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"7","first_page":"95","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7968468070030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7198407649993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.7078285217285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6761748194694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.6520105600357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.603194534778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5668754577636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sybil-attack","display_name":"Sybil attack","score":0.5066583752632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.4380021393299103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.41964399814605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3391326367855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.21341562271118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.20088127255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.16708427667617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13023385405540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-economics","display_name":"Monetary economics","score":0.10527148842811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.09831103682518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07687270641326904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7968468070030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7198407649993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7078285217285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6761748194694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6520105600357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.603194534778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5668754577636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777505653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4470796","display_name":"Sybil attack","level":3,"score":0.5066583752632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.4380021393299103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.41964399814605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3391326367855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.21341562271118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20088127255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16708427667617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13023385405540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.10527148842811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09831103682518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07687270641326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3212998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136591830","https://openalex.org/W179922057","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W2013686672","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2066462806","https://openalex.org/W2085836665","https://openalex.org/W2143624305","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2214897964","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6635924301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W2801622120","https://openalex.org/W2164141394","https://openalex.org/W1967649051","https://openalex.org/W3036524962","https://openalex.org/W4240977217","https://openalex.org/W2508088450","https://openalex.org/W4214750239","https://openalex.org/W4205726392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81],"Bitcoin":[1,60,114,146,150],"cryptocurrency":[2],"records":[3],"its":[4],"transactions":[5],"in":[6,103,151],"a":[7,108,119,141,160,187],"public":[8],"log":[9],"called":[10,28],"the":[11,18,23,34,52,59,95,98,113,145,152,168,175,183,194],"blockchain.":[12],"Its":[13],"security":[14],"rests":[15],"critically":[16],"on":[17],"distributed":[19],"protocol":[20,36,53,62,147],"that":[21,33,45,58,148,162],"maintains":[22],"blockchain,":[24],"run":[25],"by":[26,159],"participants":[27],"miners.":[29,138],"Conventional":[30],"wisdom":[31],"asserts":[32],"mining":[35,61,128,158],"is":[37,63,75,172],"incentive-compatible":[38],"and":[39,97],"secure":[40],"against":[41],"colluding":[42,72,99,137],"minority":[43],"groups,":[44],"is,":[46],"it":[47,106],"incentivizes":[48],"miners":[49,90],"to":[50,93,117,144],"follow":[51],"as":[54],"prescribed.":[55],"We":[56,66,139],"show":[57],"not":[64],"incentive-compatible.":[65],"present":[67],"an":[68],"attack":[69,82],"with":[70],"which":[71],"miners'":[73],"revenue":[74],"larger":[76],"than":[77,165,174,182],"their":[78],"fair":[79],"share.":[80],"can":[83,192],"have":[84],"significant":[85],"consequences":[86],"for":[87,132],"Bitcoin:":[88],"Rational":[89],"will":[91,101],"prefer":[92],"join":[94],"attackers,":[96],"group":[100],"increase":[102],"size":[104,135,191],"until":[105],"becomes":[107],"majority.":[109],"At":[110],"this":[111],"point,":[112],"system":[115],"ceases":[116],"be":[118,130],"decentralized":[120],"currency.":[121],"Unless":[122],"certain":[123],"assumptions":[124],"are":[125],"made,":[126],"selfish":[127,157],"may":[129],"feasible":[131],"any":[133,190],"coalition":[134,161,188],"of":[136,167,189],"propose":[140],"practical":[142],"modification":[143],"protects":[149],"general":[153],"case.":[154],"It":[155],"prohibits":[156],"command":[163],"less":[164],"1/4":[166],"resources.":[169],"This":[170],"threshold":[171],"lower":[173],"wrongly":[176],"assumed":[177],"1/2":[178],"bound,":[179],"but":[180],"better":[181],"current":[184],"reality":[185],"where":[186],"compromise":[193],"system.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":164},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":150},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}