{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2810054921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212480.3212499","title":"Beam-Stealing","display_name":"Beam-Stealing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2810054921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212480.3212499","mag":"2810054921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3212480.3212499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212480.3212499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Security &amp; Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018880600","display_name":"Daniel Steinmetzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Steinmetzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079107097","display_name":"Yimin Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042405070","display_name":"Matthias Hollick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-5989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Hollick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab, TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018880600"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84924454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"12","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.8573923110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6777482032775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/man-in-the-middle-attack","display_name":"Man-in-the-middle attack","score":0.6697975397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5653067231178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5408267974853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.48065364360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.47711947560310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.45340389013290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4463914930820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4217315912246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4158601760864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38439232110977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19958436489105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.16778558492660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08892720937728882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8573923110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6777482032775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196491621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554830","display_name":"Man-in-the-middle attack","level":3,"score":0.6697975397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5653067231178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5408267974853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.48065364360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.47711947560310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.45340389013290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4463914930820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4217315912246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4158601760864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38439232110977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19958436489105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.16778558492660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08892720937728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3212480.3212499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3212480.3212499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Security &amp; Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:106146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/106146/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W905396345","https://openalex.org/W1493373313","https://openalex.org/W1508131133","https://openalex.org/W2026738304","https://openalex.org/W2051074457","https://openalex.org/W2059308951","https://openalex.org/W2074011868","https://openalex.org/W2096236228","https://openalex.org/W2097587935","https://openalex.org/W2102113116","https://openalex.org/W2105563148","https://openalex.org/W2105962127","https://openalex.org/W2107984746","https://openalex.org/W2111341891","https://openalex.org/W2111654482","https://openalex.org/W2122156845","https://openalex.org/W2122237830","https://openalex.org/W2128876886","https://openalex.org/W2151043249","https://openalex.org/W2155886813","https://openalex.org/W2157604883","https://openalex.org/W2166985651","https://openalex.org/W2169177434","https://openalex.org/W2177987768","https://openalex.org/W2188587999","https://openalex.org/W2280375567","https://openalex.org/W2293005220","https://openalex.org/W2310409382","https://openalex.org/W2320204756","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2411767049","https://openalex.org/W2583556443","https://openalex.org/W2616400984","https://openalex.org/W2766305950","https://openalex.org/W2767057835","https://openalex.org/W2788275163","https://openalex.org/W2963000303","https://openalex.org/W2964005434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3026705917","https://openalex.org/W2516026999","https://openalex.org/W2155410265","https://openalex.org/W3166880716","https://openalex.org/W3121990887","https://openalex.org/W2959329152","https://openalex.org/W2769689807","https://openalex.org/W1540514160","https://openalex.org/W3193707396","https://openalex.org/W4287162110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter-wave":[0],"(mm-wave)":[1],"communication":[2,48],"systems":[3],"provide":[4],"high":[5,31],"data-rates":[6],"and":[7,33,59,103,115,162,168,190,217],"enable":[8],"emerging":[9,228],"application":[10],"scenarios,":[11],"such":[12,131],"as":[13,170],"'information":[14],"showers'":[15],"for":[16,61],"location-based":[17],"services.":[18],"Devices":[19],"are":[20,227],"equipped":[21],"with":[22,112,197,229],"antenna":[23,94],"arrays":[24],"using":[25],"dozens":[26],"of":[27,50,56,88,130,201,211,223],"elements":[28],"to":[29,64,90,146,194,219],"achieve":[30],"directionality":[32],"thus":[34],"creating":[35],"a":[36,43,54,85,156,171,192],"signal":[37],"beam":[38,67,119],"that":[39,82,134,182,226],"focuses":[40],"only":[41,202],"on":[42,158,166,214],"specific":[44],"area-of-interest.":[45],"This":[46],"new":[47,230],"paradigm":[49],"steerable":[51],"links":[52],"requires":[53],"rethinking":[55],"wireless":[57,235],"networks":[58,216],"calls":[60],"efficient":[62],"protocols":[63,98],"train":[65],"the":[66,78,92,113,118,128,136,151,164,185,209,221],"alignment":[68],"among":[69],"network":[70],"nodes.":[71],"The":[72],"IEEE":[73],"802.1":[74],"lad":[75],"standard":[76],"defines":[77],"so-called":[79],"sector":[80,137],"sweep":[81],"sweeps":[83],"through":[84],"predefined":[86],"set":[87],"antenna-sectors":[89],"find":[91],"optimal":[93],"steerings.":[95],"Such":[96],"low-layer":[97,231],"lack":[99],"proper":[100],"security":[101],"mechanisms":[102],"open":[104],"unprecedented":[105],"attack":[106,224],"possibilities.":[107],"Distant":[108],"attackers":[109],"might":[110],"tamper":[111],"beam-training":[114,212],"literally":[116],"'steal'":[117],"from":[120],"other":[121],"devices.":[122],"In":[123],"this":[124],"work,":[125],"we":[126,143,207],"investigate":[127],"threat":[129,210],"beam-stealing":[132,183],"attacks":[133,213],"intercept":[135],"sweep.":[138],"By":[139],"injecting":[140],"forged":[141],"feedback,":[142],"force":[144],"victims":[145],"steer":[147],"their":[148],"signals":[149],"towards":[150],"attacker's":[152],"location.":[153],"We":[154],"implement":[155],"proof-of-concept":[157],"commercial":[159],"off-the-shelf":[160],"devices":[161],"evaluate":[163],"impacts":[165],"eavesdropping":[167,186],"acting":[169],"Man-in-the-Middle":[172],"(MITM).":[173],"Our":[174],"practical":[175],"experiments":[176],"in":[177,233],"typical":[178],"indoor":[179],"scenarios":[180],"reveal":[181],"increases":[184],"performance":[187],"by":[188],"38%":[189],"allow":[191],"MITM":[193],"relay":[195],"packets":[196],"an":[198],"average":[199],"error":[200],"1%.":[203],"With":[204],"these":[205],"results,":[206],"emphasize":[208],"mm-wave":[215],"aim":[218],"raise":[220],"awareness":[222],"vectors":[225],"amendments":[232],"next-generation":[234],"networks.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-26T08:16:20.718346","created_date":"2018-07-10T00:00:00"}
