{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2808794490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3211887","title":"Nation-State Hegemony in Internet Routing","display_name":"Nation-State Hegemony in Internet Routing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2808794490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3211887","mag":"2808794490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3209811.3211887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3211887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041402866","display_name":"Anne Edmundson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anne Edmundson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079998164","display_name":"Roya Ensafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-8267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roya Ensafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068586837","display_name":"Nick Feamster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-5201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Feamster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003914268","display_name":"Jennifer Rexford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-8165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Rexford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041402866"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86816263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7294737100601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.6101434230804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5440601110458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/destinations","display_name":"Destinations","score":0.5241877436637878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hegemony","display_name":"Hegemony","score":0.5162336826324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4898171126842499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-traffic","display_name":"Web traffic","score":0.4867691993713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4804684519767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4764174222946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4614033102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4267193377017975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3662751317024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34484046697616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.34085512161254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.30065274238586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3004053831100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.25470423698425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.1284472942352295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7294737100601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.6101434230804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5440601110458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193","display_name":"Destinations","level":3,"score":0.5241877436637878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135121143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182034","display_name":"Hegemony","level":3,"score":0.5162336826324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4898171126842499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777672014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172573","display_name":"Web traffic","level":3,"score":0.4867691993713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4804684519767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4764174222946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4614033102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4267193377017975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3662751317024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34484046697616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34085512161254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.30065274238586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3004053831100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.25470423698425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1284472942352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3209811.3211887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3211887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124807149","https://openalex.org/W142905850","https://openalex.org/W1984563558","https://openalex.org/W2020517857","https://openalex.org/W2051249526","https://openalex.org/W2061964833","https://openalex.org/W2090500587","https://openalex.org/W2107090346","https://openalex.org/W2107754621","https://openalex.org/W2115082527","https://openalex.org/W2115819049","https://openalex.org/W2130850880","https://openalex.org/W2135797138","https://openalex.org/W2141487810","https://openalex.org/W2144553078","https://openalex.org/W2151972741","https://openalex.org/W2294038694","https://openalex.org/W2399121719","https://openalex.org/W2753192078","https://openalex.org/W2768480737","https://openalex.org/W2911281300","https://openalex.org/W3102308952","https://openalex.org/W3160294220","https://openalex.org/W6629573255","https://openalex.org/W6637080381","https://openalex.org/W6680492289","https://openalex.org/W6685316918","https://openalex.org/W6757962795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2367445109","https://openalex.org/W2382774134","https://openalex.org/W2366994720","https://openalex.org/W4254326238","https://openalex.org/W2066434685","https://openalex.org/W2005171816","https://openalex.org/W2403018341","https://openalex.org/W1891679357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"the":[1,4,12,24,27,47,55,100,104,135,151],"growth":[2],"of":[3,26,137,146,153],"Internet":[5,42,66],"has":[6],"fostered":[7],"more":[8,142],"efficient":[9],"communications":[10],"around":[11,179],"world,":[13],"there":[14],"is":[15,92],"a":[16,109,144,170,175],"large":[17],"digital":[18],"divide":[19],"between":[20],"Western":[21,60,84],"countries":[22,52,61,97,181],"and":[23,34,39,58,83,103,106,165],"rest":[25],"world.":[28],"Countries":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,99],"Brazil,":[32],"China,":[33],"Saudi":[35],"Arabia":[36],"have":[37],"questioned":[38],"criticized":[40],"America's":[41],"hegemony.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"studies":[46],"extent":[48],"to":[49,62,64,113,185],"which":[50,148],"various":[51],"rely":[53],"on":[54,80,156,160],"United":[56,101],"States":[57,102],"other":[59,157],"connect":[63],"popular":[65],"destinations":[67],"in":[68,95,131,189],"those":[69],"countries.":[70],"Unfortunately,":[71],"our":[72],"measurements":[73],"reveal":[74],"that":[75,122,173],"underserved":[76,154],"regions":[77,86,155],"are":[78],"dependent":[79],"North":[81],"American":[82],"European":[85],"for":[87],"two":[88],"reasons:":[89],"local":[90],"content":[91],"often":[93,111],"hosted":[94],"foreign":[96],"(such":[98],"Netherlands),":[105],"networks":[107],"within":[108],"country":[110],"fail":[112],"peer":[114],"with":[115,182,192],"one":[116],"another.":[117],"Fortunately,":[118],"we":[119,163],"also":[120],"find":[121],"routing":[123,139],"traffic":[124,178],"through":[125],"strategically":[126],"placed":[127],"relay":[128],"nodes":[129],"can":[130],"some":[132],"cases":[133,191],"reduce":[134],"number":[136],"transnational":[138],"detours":[140],"by":[141],"than":[143],"factor":[145],"two,":[147],"subsequently":[149],"reduces":[150],"dependence":[152],"regions.":[158],"Based":[159],"these":[161],"findings,":[162],"design":[164],"implement":[166],"Region-Aware":[167],"Networking,":[168],"RAN,":[169],"lightweight":[171],"system":[172],"routes":[174],"client's":[176],"web":[177],"specified":[180],"no":[183],"modifications":[184],"client":[186],"software":[187],"(and":[188],"many":[190],"little":[193],"performance":[194],"overhead).":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
