{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2810444396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205289.3205324","title":"Directive-Based, High-Level Programming and Optimizations for High-Performance Computing with FPGAs","display_name":"Directive-Based, High-Level Programming and Optimizations for High-Performance Computing with FPGAs","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2810444396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205289.3205324","mag":"2810444396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3205289.3205324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205289.3205324","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3205289.3205324","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Supercomputing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3205289.3205324","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069756876","display_name":"Jacob Lambert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6992-3650"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Lambert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oregon","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090962911","display_name":"Seyong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8872-4932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728095","display_name":"Jungwon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-6225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungwon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061838490","display_name":"Jeffrey S. Vetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-6720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey S. Vetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104388874","display_name":"Allen D. Malony","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen D. Malony","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oregon","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89919262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"160","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839949369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8317556977272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6884105205535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratix","display_name":"Stratix","score":0.6454420685768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5379389524459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5303186774253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.4827525019645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.44412773847579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43576741218566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15286830067634583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839949369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8317556977272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6884105205535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776277307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22074755","display_name":"Stratix","level":3,"score":0.6454420685768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5379389524459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5303186774253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.4827525019645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.44412773847579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43576741218566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15286830067634583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3205289.3205324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205289.3205324","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3205289.3205324","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Supercomputing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1474545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1474545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3205289.3205324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205289.3205324","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3205289.3205324","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Supercomputing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489425746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1528409558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G22747034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332382","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049477530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4957472368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":". DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6129992089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6486853205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675320460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6864165199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6911681599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7117038689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337674","funder_display_name":"Wind Energy Technologies Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7769062580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8813984943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332382","display_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0526p1y61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337674","display_name":"Wind Energy Technologies Office","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2810444396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2810444396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W831582143","https://openalex.org/W1987304299","https://openalex.org/W2016357834","https://openalex.org/W2018055497","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2107750539","https://openalex.org/W2110989550","https://openalex.org/W2129956396","https://openalex.org/W2130597822","https://openalex.org/W2133156997","https://openalex.org/W2140321074","https://openalex.org/W2151204271","https://openalex.org/W2154991996","https://openalex.org/W2157758640","https://openalex.org/W2170634604","https://openalex.org/W2397292334","https://openalex.org/W2472500612","https://openalex.org/W2480421838","https://openalex.org/W2626991402","https://openalex.org/W4232919122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509155667","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3208151864","https://openalex.org/W1612076744","https://openalex.org/W1564576805","https://openalex.org/W4254372399","https://openalex.org/W2129019972","https://openalex.org/W3164085601","https://openalex.org/W2126857316","https://openalex.org/W1522032972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"architectures":[1],"like":[2],"Field":[3],"Programmable":[4],"Gate":[5],"Arrays":[6],"(FPGAs)":[7],"have":[8,30],"been":[9,32],"used":[10,34],"for":[11,35,59],"accelerating":[12],"computations":[13],"from":[14,110],"several":[15],"domains":[16,113],"because":[17,39],"of":[18,22,40,67,97],"their":[19,41],"unique":[20],"combination":[21],"flexibility,":[23],"performance,":[24],"and":[25,44,78,153,156,163],"power":[26,157],"efficiency.":[27],"However,":[28],"FPGAs":[29],"not":[31],"widely":[33],"high-performance":[36,60],"computing,":[37],"primarily":[38],"programming":[42],"complexity":[43],"difficulties":[45],"in":[46,123],"optimizing":[47],"performance.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"present":[53],"a":[54],"directive-based,":[55],"high-level":[56,135],"optimization":[57,81],"framework":[58,71,100],"computing":[61],"with":[62,106,149],"FPGAs,":[63],"built":[64],"on":[65,101],"top":[66],"an":[68,102],"OpenACC-to-FPGA":[69],"translation":[70],"called":[72],"OpenARC.":[73],"We":[74,129],"propose":[75],"directive":[76],"extensions":[77],"corresponding":[79],"compile-time":[80],"techniques":[82],"to":[83,87,120,142,145,161],"enable":[84],"the":[85,98],"compiler":[86],"generate":[88],"more":[89],"efficient":[90],"FPGA":[91],"hardware":[92],"configuration":[93],"files.":[94],"Empirical":[95],"evaluation":[96],"proposed":[99],"Intel":[103],"Stratix":[104],"V":[105],"five":[107],"OpenACC":[108,140],"benchmarks":[109],"various":[111],"application":[112],"shows":[114],"that":[115,132],"FPGA-specific":[116,151],"optimizations":[117,137],"can":[118,138],"lead":[119],"significant":[121],"increases":[122],"performance":[124,158],"across":[125],"all":[126],"tested":[127],"applications.":[128],"also":[130],"demonstrate":[131],"applying":[133],"these":[134],"directive-based":[136],"allow":[139],"applications":[141,148],"perform":[143],"similarly":[144],"lower-level":[146],"OpenCL":[147],"hand-written":[150],"optimizations,":[152],"offer":[154],"runtime":[155],"benefits":[159],"compared":[160],"CPUs":[162],"GPUs.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
