{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805746374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204564","title":"Evaluating similarity measures for gaze patterns in the context of representational competence in physics education","display_name":"Evaluating similarity measures for gaze patterns in the context of representational competence in physics education","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805746374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204564","mag":"2805746374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3204493.3204564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523650","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &amp; Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &amp; Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078282133","display_name":"Saleh Mozaffari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Mozaffari","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029294748","display_name":"Pascal Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018842975","display_name":"Jouni Viiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3353-6859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouni Viiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058813180","display_name":"Sheraz Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheraz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029469707","display_name":"Jochen K\u00fchn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6985-3218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Kuhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904182","display_name":"Andreas Dengel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Dengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Kaiserslautern and DFKI GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5772,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67199248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7904042601585388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.6083450317382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5386109352111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5221024751663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.43999266624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4353669285774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4013124406337738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38220855593681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3636356592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29134654998779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12647941708564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.07529443502426147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7904042601585388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6083450317382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5386109352111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5221024751663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43999266624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4353669285774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4013124406337738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38220855593681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3636356592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29134654998779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12647941708564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.07529443502426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3204493.3204564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523650","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &amp; Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &amp; Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487769920","https://openalex.org/W1521793179","https://openalex.org/W1590044716","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1964469224","https://openalex.org/W1983682323","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2014306887","https://openalex.org/W2018238424","https://openalex.org/W2019742881","https://openalex.org/W2024513832","https://openalex.org/W2038043020","https://openalex.org/W2047405957","https://openalex.org/W2050517139","https://openalex.org/W2069640374","https://openalex.org/W2093161266","https://openalex.org/W2100757236","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2118091902","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2149350210","https://openalex.org/W2153273516","https://openalex.org/W2159772816","https://openalex.org/W2237109911","https://openalex.org/W2296184170","https://openalex.org/W2518304156","https://openalex.org/W2519497907","https://openalex.org/W2529411108","https://openalex.org/W2771487054","https://openalex.org/W2795328181","https://openalex.org/W4214671568","https://openalex.org/W4239927390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2947492009","https://openalex.org/W1563178652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"competent":[1],"handling":[2],"of":[3,25,35,41,53,73,125],"representations":[4],"is":[5,112],"required":[6],"for":[7],"understanding":[8],"physics'":[9],"concepts,":[10],"developing":[11],"problem-solving":[12],"skills,":[13],"and":[14,45,101,150],"achieving":[15],"scientific":[16],"expertise.":[17],"Using":[18],"eye-tracking":[19],"methodology,":[20],"we":[21,92],"present":[22],"the":[23,33,38,51,113,118,126],"contributions":[24],"this":[26],"paper":[27],"as":[28],"follows:":[29],"We":[30],"first":[31],"investigated":[32],"preferences":[34],"students":[36],"with":[37,142,154],"different":[39],"levels":[40],"knowledge;":[42],"experts,":[43],"intermediates,":[44],"novices,":[46],"in":[47,50,79],"representational":[48],"competence":[49],"domain":[52],"physics":[54],"problem-solving.":[55],"It":[56],"reveals":[57],"that":[58],"experts":[59],"more":[60],"likely":[61],"prefer":[62],"to":[63],"use":[64],"vector":[65],"than":[66,89],"other":[67,135],"representations.":[68],"Besides,":[69],"a":[70,152],"similar":[71],"tendency":[72],"table":[74],"representation":[75,84],"usage":[76],"was":[77],"observed":[78],"all":[80],"groups.":[81],"Also,":[82],"diagram":[83],"has":[85,139,151],"been":[86],"used":[87],"less":[88],"others.":[90],"Secondly,":[91],"evaluated":[93],"three":[94],"similarity":[95],"measures;":[96],"Levenshtein":[97,143],"distance,":[98],"transition":[99,129],"entropy,":[100],"Jensen-Shannon":[102,110,155],"divergence.":[103],"Conducting":[104],"Recursive":[105],"Feature":[106],"Elimination":[107],"technique":[108],"suggests":[109],"divergence":[111,156],"best":[114],"discriminating":[115],"feature":[116],"among":[117],"three.":[119],"However,":[120],"investigation":[121],"on":[122],"mutual":[123,140],"dependency":[124],"features":[127,136],"implies":[128],"entropy":[130],"mutually":[131],"links":[132],"between":[133],"two":[134],"where":[137],"it":[138],"information":[141],"distance":[144],"(Maximal":[145],"Information":[146],"Coefficient":[147],"=":[148,158],"0.44)":[149],"correlation":[153],"(r(18313)":[157],"0.70,":[159],"p":[160],"<":[161],".001).":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}