{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805252737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204531","title":"Cross-subject workload classification using pupil-related measures","display_name":"Cross-subject workload classification using pupil-related measures","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805252737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204531","mag":"2805252737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3204493.3204531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523650","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009788928","display_name":"Tobias Appel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2596-2439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156829","display_name":"Research Network (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tgjxk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156829"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Appel","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, T\u00fcbingen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, T\u00fcbingen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156829"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002013873","display_name":"Christian Scharinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-8725"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Scharinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knowledge Media Research Center, T\u00fcbingen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Media Research Center, T\u00fcbingen","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089332735","display_name":"Peter Gerjets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-6779"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Gerjets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knowledge Media Research Center, T\u00fcbingen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Media Research Center, T\u00fcbingen","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008809634","display_name":"Enkelejda Kasneci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-4484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enkelejda Kasneci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perception Engeneering, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perception Engeneering, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009788928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156829"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8133,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93590627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.8935271501541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7479691505432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6158685684204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.531157374382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5198481678962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5163220763206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.48758643865585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4760044515132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4637124836444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.4552728831768036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4483557343482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.426803320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4051409661769867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08293631672859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08265635371208191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.8935271501541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7479691505432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6158685684204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.531157374382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5198481678962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5163220763206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.48758643865585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4760044515132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4637124836444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.4552728831768036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4483557343482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.426803320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4051409661769867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08293631672859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08265635371208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3204493.3204531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523650","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545407019","https://openalex.org/W1764650267","https://openalex.org/W1973204205","https://openalex.org/W1973613120","https://openalex.org/W1976105143","https://openalex.org/W1983830994","https://openalex.org/W1990717274","https://openalex.org/W2028765294","https://openalex.org/W2048144107","https://openalex.org/W2050102554","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2094136133","https://openalex.org/W2097767394","https://openalex.org/W2104128743","https://openalex.org/W2111274740","https://openalex.org/W2157479079","https://openalex.org/W2177921452","https://openalex.org/W2295566235","https://openalex.org/W2295905879","https://openalex.org/W2329765882","https://openalex.org/W2346312659","https://openalex.org/W2401330521","https://openalex.org/W2413120558","https://openalex.org/W2529994434","https://openalex.org/W2557313324","https://openalex.org/W2581697176","https://openalex.org/W2615129201","https://openalex.org/W2621972396","https://openalex.org/W2766976174","https://openalex.org/W2922495626","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W4235683296","https://openalex.org/W4243048569","https://openalex.org/W4256197684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W3121841074","https://openalex.org/W2055572829","https://openalex.org/W1894159578","https://openalex.org/W2901018557","https://openalex.org/W4297796115","https://openalex.org/W3125086856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,24,54,65,93,153],"a":[3,25,28,46,55,63,85,91,106,111,130],"person's":[4],"cognitive":[5,52],"load":[6,53],"can":[7,14,155],"be":[8,15,156],"desirable":[9],"in":[10,32,62,129,158],"many":[11],"situations.":[12],"It":[13],"employed":[16],"to":[17,49,80,88,96,109,134],"automatically":[18],"assess":[19,50],"or":[20,31,42],"adjust":[21],"the":[22,39,51],"difficulty":[23],"task,":[26],"as":[27,38],"safety":[29],"measure,":[30],"psychological":[33],"research.":[34],"Eye-related":[35],"measures,":[36],"such":[37],"pupil":[40],"diameter":[41],"blink":[43],"rate,":[44],"provide":[45],"non-intrusive":[47],"way":[48],"subject":[56,113],"and":[57,77,98,105],"have":[58,120],"therefore":[59],"been":[60,121],"used":[61,128],"variety":[64],"applications.":[66],"Usually,":[67],"workload":[68,136,143],"classifiers":[69,95,119,125],"trained":[70,94],"on":[71],"these":[72],"measures":[73],"are":[74,126],"highly":[75],"subject-dependent":[76],"transfer":[78],"poorly":[79],"other":[81],"subjects.":[82,100],"We":[83,101],"present":[84],"novel":[86],"method":[87],"generalize":[89],"from":[90],"set":[92],"new":[97,112],"unknown":[99,139],"use":[102],"normalized":[103],"features":[104],"similarity":[107],"function":[108],"match":[110],"with":[114],"similar":[115],"subjects,":[116],"for":[117,137],"which":[118],"previously":[122],"trained.":[123],"These":[124],"then":[127],"weighted":[131],"voting":[132],"system":[133],"detect":[135],"an":[138,159],"subject.":[140],"For":[141],"real-time":[142],"classification,":[144],"our":[145],"methods":[146],"performs":[147],"at":[148],"70.4%":[149],"accuracy.":[150],"Higher":[151],"accuracy":[152],"76.8%":[154],"achieved":[157],"offline":[160],"classification":[161],"setting.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}