{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804807303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196959.3197545","title":"Blockchains","display_name":"Blockchains","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804807303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196959.3197545","mag":"2804807303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3196959.3197545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196959.3197545","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3196959.3197545","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI Symposium on Principles of Database Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3196959.3197545","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058102069","display_name":"Arvind Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058102069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"193","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.15320000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.15320000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5304122567176819}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5304122567176819}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3196959.3197545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196959.3197545","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3196959.3197545","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI Symposium on Principles of Database Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3196959.3197545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196959.3197545","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3196959.3197545","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI Symposium on Principles of Database Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4023352367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1651938","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804807303.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804807303.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1],"is":[2,71,307,340],"assembled":[3],"from":[4],"pieces":[5],"that":[6,97,140,295,347],"have":[7,133,222],"long":[8],"pedigrees":[9],"in":[10,37,66,79,216],"the":[11,56,61,95,99,103,129,146,152,160,164,180,205,210,217,220,250,284,305,324,345,356],"academic":[12],"literature,":[13],"such":[14,48,73,208,229],"as":[15,209,230],"linked":[16],"timestamping,":[17],"consensus,":[18],"and":[19,32,53,58,226,235,260,300,317,329],"proof":[20],"of":[21,46,81,85,91,101,109,115,145,163,177,190,204,212,247,254,353],"work.":[22],"In":[23,159,249,302,338],"this":[24,274],"tutorial,":[25],"I'll":[26,42,166],"begin":[27],"by":[28,148,310],"summarizing":[29],"these":[30,297],"components":[31],"how":[33,330],"they":[34],"fit":[35],"together":[36],"Bitcoin's":[38],"blockchain":[39,64,306],"design.":[40],"Then":[41],"present":[43],"abstract":[44],"models":[45,294],"blockchains;":[47],"abstractions":[49],"help":[50],"us":[51],"understand":[52],"reason":[54],"about":[55,200],"similarities":[57],"differences":[59],"between":[60],"numerous":[62],"proposed":[63],"designs":[65],"a":[67,83,89,107,113,185,198,201,213],"succinct":[68],"way.":[69],"Here":[70,183],"one":[72],"abstraction.":[74],"Blockchains":[75],"can":[76,331],"be":[77,176],"understood":[78],"terms":[80],"(1)":[82],"log":[84,147],"messages:":[86],"for":[87,105,118,121],"example,":[88,106,122],"ledger":[90],"financial":[92],"transactions;":[93],"(2)":[94],"state":[96],"summarizes":[98],"result":[100],"processing":[102],"log:":[104],"set":[108,114],"account":[110],"balances;":[111],"(3)":[112],"validity":[116],"rules":[117,139],"messages/state":[119],"updates:":[120],"transactions":[123],"must":[124,132],"spend":[125],"no":[126,266],"more":[127],"than":[128],"available":[130],"balances,":[131],"verifiable":[134],"signatures,":[135],"etc;":[136],"(4)":[137],"consistency":[138],"determine":[141],"whether":[142],"two":[143],"views":[144,246],"different":[149,245,280],"participants":[150],"on":[151,172],"network":[153],"are":[154,184,258,265,323],"consistent":[155],"with":[156,292],"each":[157],"other.":[158],"second":[161],"half":[162],"tutorial":[165],"describe":[167],"several":[168],"research":[169],"directions,":[170],"focusing":[171],"those":[173],"likely":[174],"to":[175,179,196,277,283,314,327,343],"interest":[178],"PODS":[181],"community.":[182],"few":[186],"examples.":[187],"Efficient":[188],"verification":[189],"state.":[191],"A":[192],"participant":[193],"might":[194],"want":[195],"verify":[197],"statement":[199],"small":[202],"part":[203],"global":[206],"state,":[207],"inclusion":[211],"particular":[214],"transaction":[215,320],"blockchain.":[218],"While":[219],"basics":[221],"been":[223],"worked":[224],"out,":[225],"involve":[227],"techniques":[228],"hash":[231],"pointers,":[232],"Merkle":[233],"trees,":[234],"other":[236],"\"authenticated":[237],"data":[238],"structures\",":[239],"many":[240],"interesting":[241],"questions":[242],"remain.":[243],"Reconciling":[244],"consensus.":[248],"game":[251],"theory":[252],"view":[253,275],"blockchains,":[255],"all":[256],"players":[257],"rational":[259],"follow":[261],"their":[262],"incentives;":[263],"there":[264],"honest,":[267],"faulty,":[268],"or":[269,279],"malicious":[270],"players.":[271],"When":[272],"does":[273],"lead":[276],"similar":[278],"predictions":[281],"compared":[282],"traditional":[285,303],"consensus":[286],"literature?":[287],"Can":[288],"we":[289,332],"come":[290],"up":[291],"hybrid":[293],"reconcile":[296],"assumptions?":[298],"Scaling":[299],"sharding.":[301],"designs,":[304],"fully":[308],"replicated":[309],"every":[311],"node,":[312],"leading":[313],"massive":[315],"inefficiency":[316],"severely":[318],"limiting":[319],"throughput.":[321],"What":[322],"fundamental":[325],"limits":[326],"scaling,":[328],"improve":[333],"scalability":[334],"without":[335],"weakening":[336],"security?":[337],"particular,":[339],"it":[341,350],"possible":[342],"shard":[344],"blockchain,":[346],"is,":[348],"partition":[349],"among":[351],"subsets":[352],"nodes,":[354],"given":[355],"Byzantine":[357],"setting?":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}
