{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2883626290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196398.3196445","title":"The open-closed principle of modern machine learning frameworks","display_name":"The open-closed principle of modern machine learning frameworks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2883626290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196398.3196445","mag":"2883626290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3196398.3196445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196398.3196445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091616184","display_name":"Houssem Ben Braiek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houssem Ben Braiek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071052367","display_name":"Foutse Khomh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-4173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foutse Khomh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058164381","display_name":"Bram Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"353","last_page":"363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.7066265344619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.635164737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5749744772911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.552669882774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demise","display_name":"Demise","score":0.48993033170700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4769791066646576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software-development","display_name":"Open-source software development","score":0.47099512815475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4335760176181793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4138581156730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-data","display_name":"Open data","score":0.41085508465766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4102153480052948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.29098325967788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2124669849872589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.7066265344619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.635164737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5749744772911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.552669882774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777720223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255430","display_name":"Demise","level":2,"score":0.48993033170700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4769791066646576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778642129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7096425","display_name":"Open-source software development","level":4,"score":0.47099512815475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4335760176181793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4138581156730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780535194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309901","display_name":"Open data","level":2,"score":0.41085508465766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4102153480052948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.29098325967788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2124669849872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3196398.3196445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3196398.3196445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:42718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/42718/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Communication de conf\u00e9rence"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587209248","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1891258619","https://openalex.org/W1967071175","https://openalex.org/W2006479099","https://openalex.org/W2038447318","https://openalex.org/W2093420197","https://openalex.org/W2152963130","https://openalex.org/W2157887502","https://openalex.org/W2164700406","https://openalex.org/W2214818406","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2344784027","https://openalex.org/W2404633945","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W3123613287","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W4386294121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081674575","https://openalex.org/W4287673983","https://openalex.org/W177188689","https://openalex.org/W2154443866","https://openalex.org/W1726218213","https://openalex.org/W653411734","https://openalex.org/W2101077539","https://openalex.org/W2512891830","https://openalex.org/W3143664952","https://openalex.org/W2105643718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,51,90,167,219],"computing":[3,248],"technologies":[4],"and":[5,57,63,82,107,117,146,174,199,211],"the":[6,29,84,95,98,108,136,147,158,169,180,188,215,220,227,234,251,259],"availability":[7],"of":[8,11,31,86,97,110,149,171,190,222,229,236,246,253,261],"huge":[9],"volumes":[10],"data":[12],"have":[13],"sparked":[14],"a":[15,25,48,77,209,230],"new":[16,26],"machine":[17],"learning":[18],"(ML)":[19],"revolution,":[20,53],"where":[21],"almost":[22],"every":[23],"day":[24],"headline":[27],"touts":[28],"demise":[30],"human":[32],"experts":[33],"by":[34,93,208,212],"ML":[35,67,101,150,165,223,237,256],"models":[36],"on":[37,103,250],"some":[38],"task.":[39],"Open":[40],"source":[41,72,88,100,185,255],"software":[42],"development":[43,89,151,191,221,235,252],"is":[44,166],"rumoured":[45],"to":[46,80,157,205,239],"play":[47],"significant":[49],"role":[50,85],"this":[52,127],"with":[54],"both":[55,197],"academics":[56],"large":[58,244],"corporations":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61,133,135],"Google":[62,118],"Microsoft":[64],"releasing":[65],"their":[66],"frameworks":[68,111,238,257],"under":[69],"an":[70],"open":[71,87,99,184,254,267],"license.":[73],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"takes":[76],"step":[78],"back":[79],"examine":[81,123],"understand":[83],"modern":[91],"ML,":[92,186],"examining":[94],"growth":[96,128],"ecosystem":[102],"GitHub,":[104],"its":[105,141],"actors,":[106],"adoption":[109,160,173],"over":[112],"time.":[113],"By":[114],"mining":[115],"LinkedIn":[116],"Scholar":[119],"profiles,":[120],"we":[121,162],"also":[122],"driving":[124],"factors":[125],"behind":[126,183],"(paid":[129],"vs.":[130,144,154],"voluntary":[131],"contributors),":[132],"well":[134],"major":[137],"players":[138],"who":[139],"promote":[140],"democratization":[142],"(companies":[143],"communities),":[145],"composition":[148],"teams":[152,192,195],"(engineers":[153],"scientists).":[155],"According":[156],"technology":[159],"lifecycle,":[161],"find":[163],"that":[164],"between":[168],"stages":[170],"early":[172,175],"majority.":[176],"Furthermore,":[177],"companies":[178,249],"are":[179,193],"main":[181],"drivers":[182],"while":[187,266],"majority":[189],"hybrid":[194],"comprising":[196],"engineers":[198],"professional":[200],"scientists.":[201],"The":[202,243],"latter":[203],"correspond":[204],"scientists":[206],"employed":[207],"company,":[210],"far":[213],"represent":[214],"most":[216],"active":[217],"profiles":[218],"applications,":[224],"which":[225],"reflects":[226],"importance":[228],"scientific":[231],"background":[232],"for":[233,272],"complement":[240],"coding":[241],"skills.":[242],"influence":[245],"cloud":[247,275],"raises":[258],"risk":[260],"vendor":[262],"lock-in.":[263],"These":[264],"frameworks,":[265],"source,":[268],"could":[269],"be":[270],"optimized":[271],"specific":[273],"commercial":[274],"offerings.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2018-08-03T00:00:00"}