{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796182852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3193107","title":"A Human-Perceived Softness Measure of Virtual 3D Objects","display_name":"A Human-Perceived Softness Measure of Virtual 3D Objects","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796182852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3193107","mag":"2796182852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3193107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3193107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/123569/1/softness_perception_journal_ver08.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014621224","display_name":"Manfred Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-6620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manfred Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster University, City University of Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University, City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075860726","display_name":"Kapil Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0908-5114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapil Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044238775","display_name":"Julie Dorsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-4979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Dorsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064638062","display_name":"Holly Rushmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holly Rushmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014621224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48911858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7023102045059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6566595435142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6370784044265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertex","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","score":0.6218374371528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6011173129081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.5920003652572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39714470505714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36869490146636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.23066377639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.20425277948379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.14173230528831482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7023102045059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6566595435142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6370784044265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80899671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","level":3,"score":0.6218374371528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6011173129081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5920003652572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39714470505714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36869490146636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.23066377639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.20425277948379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.14173230528831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3193107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3193107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:123569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/123569/1/softness_perception_journal_ver08.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:123569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/123569/1/softness_perception_journal_ver08.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188200615","display_name":"CGV: Small: High-Fidelity Representation of Architectural Material Appearance","funder_award_id":"1218515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5754129592","display_name":"G&V: Medium: Collaborative Research: A Unified Approach to Material Appearance Modeling","funder_award_id":"1064412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6013888841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Microsoft Research European Region PhD Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","funder_display_name":"Microsoft Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6259413215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1064412, IIS-1218515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796182852.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112055733","https://openalex.org/W1549067072","https://openalex.org/W1665674867","https://openalex.org/W1970687670","https://openalex.org/W1981219830","https://openalex.org/W1983403172","https://openalex.org/W1983764898","https://openalex.org/W1989871863","https://openalex.org/W1994976116","https://openalex.org/W2002658919","https://openalex.org/W2011032066","https://openalex.org/W2019868163","https://openalex.org/W2021122545","https://openalex.org/W2021354639","https://openalex.org/W2039637700","https://openalex.org/W2040602726","https://openalex.org/W2050204708","https://openalex.org/W2051162322","https://openalex.org/W2052638748","https://openalex.org/W2053939793","https://openalex.org/W2055035360","https://openalex.org/W2064723547","https://openalex.org/W2069870183","https://openalex.org/W2069880009","https://openalex.org/W2078686313","https://openalex.org/W2082254676","https://openalex.org/W2082772288","https://openalex.org/W2084308514","https://openalex.org/W2090621143","https://openalex.org/W2099789128","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2106723645","https://openalex.org/W2109061435","https://openalex.org/W2123250142","https://openalex.org/W2132303710","https://openalex.org/W2134601920","https://openalex.org/W2137930184","https://openalex.org/W2139051474","https://openalex.org/W2141411966","https://openalex.org/W2142254559","https://openalex.org/W2149852525","https://openalex.org/W2161890817","https://openalex.org/W2166410524","https://openalex.org/W2167502305","https://openalex.org/W2190691619","https://openalex.org/W2294130536","https://openalex.org/W2340988230","https://openalex.org/W2347788169","https://openalex.org/W2463222488","https://openalex.org/W2464233986","https://openalex.org/W2791414165","https://openalex.org/W2946035342","https://openalex.org/W3006964082","https://openalex.org/W3137300270","https://openalex.org/W3138982726","https://openalex.org/W4297533782","https://openalex.org/W4386300193","https://openalex.org/W4400518895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W4286908577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,91,100,146],"introduce":[1],"the":[2,15,22,36,40,71,132,137,148,175,188,200],"problem":[3],"of":[4,39,61,98,140,150,156,177,191,202],"computing":[5],"a":[6,59,64,85,103,107,113,121,125,154,166],"human-perceived":[7,37,189],"softness":[8,38,115,122,139,190],"measure":[9,116,134,180,186,204],"for":[10,95],"virtual":[11,16,193],"3D":[12,65,127,157],"objects.":[13],"As":[14],"objects":[17],"do":[18,26],"not":[19,27],"exist":[20],"in":[21,54],"real":[23,195],"world,":[24],"we":[25,47,129,173,198],"directly":[28],"consider":[29],"their":[30,55],"physical":[31],"properties":[32],"but":[33],"instead":[34],"compute":[35,136],"geometric":[41],"shapes.":[42],"In":[43],"an":[44],"initial":[45],"experiment,":[46],"find":[48],"that":[49,73],"humans":[50],"are":[51],"highly":[52],"consistent":[53],"responses":[56],"when":[57],"given":[58],"pair":[60],"vertices":[62],"on":[63,143],"model":[66],"and":[67,87,106,159,194,197],"asked":[68],"to":[69,76,83,111,120,135],"select":[70],"vertex":[72,119,142],"they":[74],"perceive":[75],"be":[77],"more":[78],"soft.":[79],"This":[80],"motivates":[81],"us":[82],"take":[84],"crowdsourcing":[86],"machine":[88],"learning":[89,163],"framework.":[90],"collect":[92],"crowdsourced":[93],"data":[94],"such":[96],"pairs":[97],"vertices.":[99],"then":[101],"combine":[102],"learning-to-rank":[104],"approach":[105,164],"multi-layer":[108],"neural":[109],"network":[110],"learn":[112],"non-linear":[114,162],"mapping":[117],"any":[118],"value.":[123],"For":[124],"new":[126],"shape,":[128],"can":[130],"use":[131],"learned":[133,179],"relative":[138],"every":[141],"its":[144],"surface.":[145],"demonstrate":[147,174],"robustness":[149],"our":[151,161,178,185,203],"framework":[152],"with":[153,165,181,187,205],"variety":[155],"shapes":[158],"compare":[160],"linear":[167],"method":[168],"from":[169],"previous":[170],"work.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"accuracy":[176],"user":[182],"studies":[183],"comparing":[184],"both":[192],"objects,":[196],"show":[199],"usefulness":[201],"some":[206],"applications.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
