{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793343517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3184388","title":"Flexible Droplet Routing in Active Matrix\u2013Based Digital Microfluidic Biochips","display_name":"Flexible Droplet Routing in Active Matrix\u2013Based Digital Microfluidic Biochips","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793343517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3184388","mag":"2793343517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3184388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3184388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091242423","display_name":"Guan-Ruei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-1309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guan-Ruei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038426419","display_name":"Chun-Hao Kuo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Hao Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114255197","display_name":"Kuen-Cheng Chiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuen-Cheng Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076542292","display_name":"Ansuman Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0220-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ansuman Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, West Bengal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067730042","display_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, West Bengal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062800747","display_name":"Tsung-Yi Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yi Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021615416","display_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091242423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9313,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8656385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7667074203491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.7312724590301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochip","display_name":"Biochip","score":0.5721222162246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5182313919067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrowetting","display_name":"Electrowetting","score":0.5057132244110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-microfluidics","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","score":0.49601301550865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-control","display_name":"Flow control (data)","score":0.4399252235889435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4205271005630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39797520637512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2986343801021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2550090551376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.15833503007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1265389323234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12024515867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10377630591392517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7667074203491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.7312724590301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.5721222162246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5182313919067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779673822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907239","display_name":"Electrowetting","level":3,"score":0.5057132244110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92444450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276112","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","level":4,"score":0.49601301550865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186766456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612457","display_name":"Flow control (data)","level":2,"score":0.4399252235889435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4205271005630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39797520637512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2986343801021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2550090551376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.15833503007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1265389323234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12024515867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10377630591392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3184388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3184388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327938","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528802815","https://openalex.org/W1923960053","https://openalex.org/W1987919377","https://openalex.org/W1988889038","https://openalex.org/W1991512670","https://openalex.org/W2011136641","https://openalex.org/W2028748933","https://openalex.org/W2052741525","https://openalex.org/W2055762461","https://openalex.org/W2097175492","https://openalex.org/W2101871081","https://openalex.org/W2105755452","https://openalex.org/W2108199669","https://openalex.org/W2115008041","https://openalex.org/W2119985798","https://openalex.org/W2130933259","https://openalex.org/W2142581655","https://openalex.org/W2145026225","https://openalex.org/W2145106285","https://openalex.org/W2147820467","https://openalex.org/W2155143747","https://openalex.org/W2156666436","https://openalex.org/W2167304422","https://openalex.org/W2168987465","https://openalex.org/W2418557437","https://openalex.org/W4237709604","https://openalex.org/W4256047059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2209046608","https://openalex.org/W2903649460","https://openalex.org/W4394370577","https://openalex.org/W2795946868","https://openalex.org/W2150068960","https://openalex.org/W2105772751","https://openalex.org/W2022582725","https://openalex.org/W2187296017","https://openalex.org/W2058157955","https://openalex.org/W2080689897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,132],"active":[1],"matrix":[2],"(AM)-based":[3],"architecture":[4],"offers":[5],"many":[6,213],"advantages":[7],"over":[8,30],"conventional":[9],"digital":[10],"electrowetting-on-dielectric":[11],"(EWOD)":[12],"microfluidic":[13],"biochips,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"the":[17,39,46,54,57,73,82,104,110,119,146,225],"capability":[18],"of":[19,56,75,100,121,148,178,196,227],"handling":[20],"variable-size":[21],"droplets,":[22],"more":[23,140],"flexible":[24],"droplet":[25,31,122,221],"movement,":[26],"and":[27,62,125,138,160,183,204],"precise":[28],"control":[29],"navigation.":[32],"However,":[33],"a":[34,94,218,236],"major":[35],"challenge":[36],"in":[37,77,142,145,212],"choosing":[38],"routing":[40,99,136,150,222],"paths":[41],"is":[42,80,190],"to":[43,49,113,128,167,192,208],"decide":[44],"when":[45,109],"droplets":[47,111],"are":[48,112],"be":[50,114,232],"reshaped":[51],"depending":[52],"on":[53,98,239],"congestion":[55,155],"intended":[58],"path,":[59],"or":[60],"split-":[61],"route":[63],"sub":[64],"droplets,and":[65],"merging":[66,126],"them":[67,127],"at":[68],"their":[69,130],"respective":[70],"destinations.":[71],"As":[72],"number":[74,226],"microelectrodes":[76],"AM-EWOD":[78],"chips":[79],"large,":[81],"path":[83],"selection":[84],"problem":[85],"becomes":[86],"further":[87],"complicated.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"article,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93,217],"negotiation-guided":[95],"flow":[96],"based":[97],"subdroplets":[101,159],"that":[102],"obviates":[103],"explicit":[105],"need":[106],"for":[107,157,163,180,198],"deciding":[108],"manipulated,":[115],"yet":[116],"fully":[117],"utilizing":[118],"power":[120],"reshaping,":[123],"splitting,":[124],"facilitate":[129],"journey.":[131],"proposed":[133],"algorithm":[134],"reduces":[135,171],"cost":[137],"provides":[139],"freedom":[141],"deadlock":[143],"avoidance":[144],"presence":[147],"multiple":[149],"tasks":[151],"by":[152,175,234],"assigning":[153],"certain":[154],"penalty":[156,162,238],"sibling":[158],"fluidic":[161],"heterogeneous":[164],"droplets.":[165],"Compared":[166],"existing":[168,203],"techniques,":[169],"it":[170],"latest":[172,240],"arrival":[173,241],"time":[174],"an":[176],"average":[177],"29%":[179],"several":[181],"benchmark":[182],"random":[184],"test":[185,200],"suites.":[186],"Furthermore,":[187],"our":[188],"method":[189],"observed":[191],"provide":[193],"100%":[194],"routability":[195],"nets":[197],"all":[199],"cases,":[201],"whereas":[202],"baseline":[205],"routers":[206],"fail":[207],"produce":[209],"feasible":[210],"solutions":[211],"instances.":[214],"We":[215],"also":[216],"reliable":[219],"mode":[220],"strategy":[223],"where":[224],"unreliable":[228],"splitting":[229],"operations":[230],"can":[231],"reduced":[233],"paying":[235],"small":[237],"time.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
