{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885656008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3182160","title":"Arnold","display_name":"Arnold","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885656008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3182160","mag":"2885656008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3182160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3182160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013165810","display_name":"Iliyan Georgiev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-2138"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iliyan Georgiev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027253860","display_name":"Thiago Ize","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiago Ize","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022145415","display_name":"Mike Farnsworth","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Farnsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076031657","display_name":"Ram\u00f3n Montoya-Vozmediano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram\u00f3n Montoya-Vozmediano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063766093","display_name":"Alan King","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085313323","display_name":"Brecht Van Lommel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brecht Van Lommel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111595310","display_name":"\u00c1ngel Andr\u00e9s Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050351587","display_name":"Oscar Anson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Anson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007503937","display_name":"Shinji Ogaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1417-8065"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinji Ogaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039195357","display_name":"Eric Johnston","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073239013","display_name":"Adrien Herubel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrien Herubel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075051180","display_name":"Declan Russell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Declan Russell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069191131","display_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Servant","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Servant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080959202","display_name":"Marcos Fajardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7707-2761"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos Fajardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid Angle, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013165810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2304,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99102938,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8426058292388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7672538161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-tracing","display_name":"Path tracing","score":0.724420964717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6348272562026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6178110241889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-illumination","display_name":"Global illumination","score":0.6158008575439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.5964147448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5895501971244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5191311240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.47459930181503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4625856578350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.41680753231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.41267508268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1395552158355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.0968782901763916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8426058292388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7672538161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110541219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72948","display_name":"Path tracing","level":3,"score":0.724420964717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6348272562026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6178110241889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89720835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531701","display_name":"Global illumination","level":3,"score":0.6158008575439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5964147448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5895501971244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5191311240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.47459930181503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4625856578350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.41680753231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.41267508268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1395552158355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0968782901763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3182160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3182160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29072860","https://openalex.org/W61155306","https://openalex.org/W63918557","https://openalex.org/W1535835519","https://openalex.org/W1564611446","https://openalex.org/W1575955136","https://openalex.org/W1983599709","https://openalex.org/W1986743298","https://openalex.org/W1993572304","https://openalex.org/W1999024885","https://openalex.org/W2001662666","https://openalex.org/W2004851664","https://openalex.org/W2008870867","https://openalex.org/W2011119863","https://openalex.org/W2021131939","https://openalex.org/W2029315739","https://openalex.org/W2031141876","https://openalex.org/W2038630728","https://openalex.org/W2039303612","https://openalex.org/W2041554407","https://openalex.org/W2043710698","https://openalex.org/W2056867012","https://openalex.org/W2057660067","https://openalex.org/W2060829525","https://openalex.org/W2062604373","https://openalex.org/W2067540766","https://openalex.org/W2068105972","https://openalex.org/W2068735893","https://openalex.org/W2087137114","https://openalex.org/W2087401004","https://openalex.org/W2090346540","https://openalex.org/W2097124770","https://openalex.org/W2098992657","https://openalex.org/W2102102707","https://openalex.org/W2105206335","https://openalex.org/W2105937818","https://openalex.org/W2107387617","https://openalex.org/W2112622024","https://openalex.org/W2114709034","https://openalex.org/W2115373434","https://openalex.org/W2124236357","https://openalex.org/W2125833438","https://openalex.org/W2128487064","https://openalex.org/W2129112679","https://openalex.org/W2131071207","https://openalex.org/W2138624212","https://openalex.org/W2139317493","https://openalex.org/W2147842853","https://openalex.org/W2150266006","https://openalex.org/W2155328339","https://openalex.org/W2158874085","https://openalex.org/W2166442092","https://openalex.org/W2168471197","https://openalex.org/W2225995561","https://openalex.org/W2489976270","https://openalex.org/W2504987011","https://openalex.org/W2516511385","https://openalex.org/W2532040979","https://openalex.org/W2534400428","https://openalex.org/W2731245647","https://openalex.org/W2731574721","https://openalex.org/W2736623132","https://openalex.org/W2737767854","https://openalex.org/W2738821415","https://openalex.org/W2740363620","https://openalex.org/W2912536287","https://openalex.org/W3005154763","https://openalex.org/W3100449908","https://openalex.org/W4210697527","https://openalex.org/W4230327142","https://openalex.org/W4237786254","https://openalex.org/W4237796884","https://openalex.org/W4243817721","https://openalex.org/W4248361079","https://openalex.org/W4251841376","https://openalex.org/W4252062509","https://openalex.org/W4254242382","https://openalex.org/W4254971881","https://openalex.org/W6601160119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W175974942","https://openalex.org/W4298040459","https://openalex.org/W4382135631","https://openalex.org/W2159411344","https://openalex.org/W2886929983","https://openalex.org/W1489784598","https://openalex.org/W3096424663","https://openalex.org/W1500228622","https://openalex.org/W2188343897","https://openalex.org/W84861158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arnold":[0,32],"is":[1,147],"a":[2,61,125,148,166,180,197],"physically":[3],"based":[4],"renderer":[5],"for":[6,28,54],"feature-length":[7],"animation":[8],"and":[9,30,44,77,79,92,111,130,143,158,161,172,190,201],"visual":[10],"effects.":[11],"Conceived":[12],"in":[13],"an":[14],"era":[15],"of":[16,40,47,64,72,156,165,175],"complex":[17],"multi-pass":[18],"rasterization-based":[19],"workflows":[20],"struggling":[21],"to":[22,35,99,109,113,138,170,188,195],"keep":[23],"up":[24],"with":[25,74,82,88,124],"growing":[26],"demands":[27],"complexity":[29],"realism,":[31],"was":[33],"created":[34],"take":[36],"on":[37,127,163],"the":[38,42,89,128,140,154,186,192,203],"challenge":[39],"making":[41],"simple":[43],"elegant":[45],"approach":[46],"brute-force":[48],"Monte":[49],"Carlo":[50],"path":[51,150],"tracing":[52],"practical":[53],"production":[55,115],"rendering.":[56],"Achieving":[57],"this":[58,118],"required":[59],"building":[60],"robust":[62],"piece":[63],"ray-tracing":[65,167],"software":[66],"that":[67,152],"can":[68],"ingest":[69],"large":[70],"amounts":[71],"geometry":[73],"detailed":[75],"shading":[76],"lighting":[78],"produce":[80],"images":[81],"high":[83],"fidelity,":[84],"while":[85],"scaling":[86],"well":[87],"available":[90],"memory":[91],"processing":[93],"power.":[94],"Arnold\u2019s":[95,145],"guiding":[96],"principles":[97],"are":[98],"expose":[100],"as":[101,104],"few":[102],"controls":[103],"possible,":[105],"provide":[106],"rapid":[107],"feedback":[108],"artists,":[110],"adapt":[112],"various":[114],"workflows.":[116],"In":[117],"article,":[119],"we":[120],"describe":[121,196],"its":[122,135],"architecture":[123],"focus":[126],"design":[129],"implementation":[131],"choices":[132],"made":[133],"during":[134],"evolutionary":[136],"development":[137],"meet":[139],"aforementioned":[141],"requirements":[142],"goals.":[144],"workhorse":[146],"unidirectional":[149],"tracer":[151],"avoids":[153],"use":[155],"hard-to-manage":[157],"artifact-prone":[159],"caching":[160],"sits":[162],"top":[164],"engine":[168],"optimized":[169],"shoot":[171],"shade":[173],"billions":[174],"spatially":[176],"incoherent":[177],"rays":[178],"throughout":[179],"scene.":[181],"A":[182],"comprehensive":[183],"API":[184],"provides":[185],"means":[187],"configure":[189],"extend":[191],"system\u2019s":[193],"functionality,":[194],"scene,":[198],"render":[199],"it,":[200],"save":[202],"results.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2018-08-22T00:00:00"}