{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796668973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180661","title":"Have We Met Before? Using Consumer-Grade Brain-Computer Interfaces to Detect Unaware Facial Recognition","display_name":"Have We Met Before? Using Consumer-Grade Brain-Computer Interfaces to Detect Unaware Facial Recognition","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796668973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180661","mag":"2796668973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3180661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131145815","display_name":"Computers in entertainment","issn_l":"1544-3574","issn":["1544-3574","1544-3981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Entertainment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004082538","display_name":"Christopher Bellman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-7943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bellman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016781361","display_name":"Miguel Vargas Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Vargas Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027315921","display_name":"Shane MacDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shane MacDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070256373","display_name":"Ruba Alomari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-7881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruba Alomari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018343766","display_name":"Ramiro Liscano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-4978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramiro Liscano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Simcoe St N, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61781554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7847923040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.661780059337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5241884589195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5102677345275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.47760459780693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4341888129711151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42446836829185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3640298843383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34770840406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.30356565117836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.2677629292011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.12085705995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0829077959060669}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7847923040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.661780059337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5241884589195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5102677345275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47760459780693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4341888129711151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42446836829185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3640298843383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34770840406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30356565117836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.2677629292011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12085705995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0829077959060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3180661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131145815","display_name":"Computers in entertainment","issn_l":"1544-3574","issn":["1544-3574","1544-3981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Entertainment","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338484","display_name":"DOD Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2024938223","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2036251331","https://openalex.org/W2046596504","https://openalex.org/W2052335821","https://openalex.org/W2074035958","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109884388","https://openalex.org/W2109970661","https://openalex.org/W2113451446","https://openalex.org/W2125228090","https://openalex.org/W2132428916","https://openalex.org/W2156849207","https://openalex.org/W2278732930","https://openalex.org/W2410365704","https://openalex.org/W2422365436","https://openalex.org/W2514389873","https://openalex.org/W2592270044","https://openalex.org/W2597081479","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W4319302618","https://openalex.org/W1616854372","https://openalex.org/W1969223073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Much":[0],"research":[1],"has":[2,18,29],"been":[3,30],"done":[4,31],"on":[5,41],"the":[6,16,20,33,59,89,107],"brain\u2019s":[7,21,34,60],"reaction":[8,23,62],"to":[9,24,57,63,81],"seeing":[10,64],"faces,":[11,25],"but":[12],"while":[13],"much":[14],"of":[15,66],"work":[17,28],"investigated":[19],"conscious":[22],"far":[26],"less":[27],"exploring":[32],"unaware":[35,61,73,117],"reactions":[36],"using":[37,49,127],"consumer-grade":[38,52],"devices.":[39],"Built":[40],"previous":[42,115],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"describe":[45],"an":[46],"experiment":[47,94],"conducted":[48],"EEGs":[50],"and":[51,75,87,138],"Brain-Computer":[53],"Interface":[54],"(BCI)":[55],"headsets":[56],"measure":[58],"faces":[65],"three":[67],"pre-defined":[68],"recognition":[69],"classes:":[70],"no":[71],"recognition,":[72,74],"aware":[76],"recognition.":[77],"We":[78],"pre-select":[79],"images":[80,90,99],"be":[82,121],"shown":[83],"in":[84,91,106],"each":[85],"class":[86],"display":[88],"a":[92,128,135],"two-day":[93],"where":[95],"participants":[96],"implicitly":[97],"learn":[98],"tagged":[100],"as":[101],"\u201cunaware":[102],"recognition\u201d":[103],"for":[104],"use":[105],"second":[108],"day.":[109],"It":[110],"was":[111],"found":[112],"that,":[113],"outperforming":[114],"works,":[116],"facial":[118],"recognitions":[119],"could":[120],"detected":[122],"with":[123],"fairly":[124],"high":[125],"accuracies":[126],"method":[129],"that":[130],"combines":[131],"multiple":[132],"sensors":[133],"from":[134],"BCI":[136],"device":[137],"utilizing":[139],"out-of-the-box":[140],"classification":[141],"methods.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
