{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886081451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180219","title":"Neuro-symbolic program corrector for introductory programming assignments","display_name":"Neuro-symbolic program corrector for introductory programming assignments","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886081451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180219","mag":"2886081451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3180155.3180219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180219","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090296740","display_name":"Sahil Bhatia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahil Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013834379","display_name":"Pushmeet Kohli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pushmeet Kohli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Deepmind, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Deepmind, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045091456","display_name":"Rishabh Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-9656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishabh Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.9203,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99232743,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"60","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8643094301223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.8291531801223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7668294906616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax-error","display_name":"Syntax error","score":0.7531853914260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6441158056259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6226139664649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.6213679313659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49029043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.481229305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax","display_name":"Abstract syntax","score":0.4548540413379669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.4270685911178589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8643094301223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.8291531801223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7668294906616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11742125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195374","display_name":"Syntax error","level":4,"score":0.7531853914260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6441158056259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6226139664649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6213679313659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49029043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.481229305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.4548540413379669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.4270685911178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3180155.3180219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180219","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196214544","https://openalex.org/W854541894","https://openalex.org/W1771830246","https://openalex.org/W1972087783","https://openalex.org/W1979866694","https://openalex.org/W1994573369","https://openalex.org/W1997020823","https://openalex.org/W2010608861","https://openalex.org/W2012312630","https://openalex.org/W2016027000","https://openalex.org/W2038924341","https://openalex.org/W2060384944","https://openalex.org/W2088700588","https://openalex.org/W2116272605","https://openalex.org/W2129740354","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2140609933","https://openalex.org/W2142403498","https://openalex.org/W2145373440","https://openalex.org/W2148190602","https://openalex.org/W2149236697","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2156981320","https://openalex.org/W2183293350","https://openalex.org/W2474318526","https://openalex.org/W2486590439","https://openalex.org/W2512434199","https://openalex.org/W2550120381","https://openalex.org/W2601273560","https://openalex.org/W2605202003","https://openalex.org/W2963133108","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W6729482287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613250302","https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W2005927140","https://openalex.org/W2536864162","https://openalex.org/W2390421503","https://openalex.org/W2387926336","https://openalex.org/W2143166528","https://openalex.org/W2095381028","https://openalex.org/W2051208666","https://openalex.org/W319507398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"correction":[1,27],"of":[2,28,47,113,154,173],"programs":[3,54,96],"is":[4,21,25,164],"a":[5,63,79,111,118,151],"challenging":[6],"problem":[7],"with":[8,55,71,159],"numerous":[9],"real":[10],"world":[11],"applications":[12],"in":[13,31,130,170],"security,":[14],"verification,":[15],"and":[16,122,175],"education.":[17],"One":[18],"application":[19],"that":[20,67],"becoming":[22],"increasingly":[23],"important":[24],"the":[26,89,93,139,143],"student":[29,157],"submissions":[30,116,158],"online":[32],"courses":[33],"for":[34,53,88,117,180],"providing":[35],"feedback.":[36],"Most":[37],"existing":[38],"program":[39],"repair":[40,167],"techniques":[41,101],"analyze":[42],"Abstract":[43],"Syntax":[44],"Trees":[45],"(ASTs)":[46],"programs,":[48],"which":[49],"are":[50,97,108,123],"unfortunately":[51],"unavailable":[52],"syntax":[56,86,128,160,168],"errors.":[57,161],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"novel":[64],"Neuro-symbolic":[65],"approach":[66],"combines":[68],"neural":[69],"networks":[70],"constraint-based":[72,100],"reasoning.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"our":[75,148],"method":[76,163],"first":[77],"uses":[78],"Recurrent":[80],"Neural":[81],"Network":[82],"(RNN)":[83],"to":[84,102,126,166],"perform":[85],"repairs":[87,179],"buggy":[90],"programs;":[91],"subsequently,":[92],"resulting":[94],"syntactically-fixed":[95],"repaired":[98],"using":[99,110],"ensure":[103],"functional":[104],"correctness.":[105],"The":[106],"RNNs":[107],"trained":[109],"corpus":[112],"syntactically":[114],"correct":[115,178],"given":[119],"programming":[120,133],"assignment,":[121],"then":[124],"queried":[125],"fix":[127],"errors":[129,169],"an":[131],"incorrect":[132],"submission":[134],"by":[135],"replacing":[136],"or":[137],"inserting":[138],"predicted":[140],"tokens":[141],"at":[142],"error":[144],"location.":[145],"We":[146],"evaluate":[147],"technique":[149],"on":[150],"dataset":[152],"comprising":[153],"over":[155],"14,500":[156],"Our":[162],"able":[165],"60%":[171],"(8689)":[172],"submissions,":[174],"finds":[176],"functionally":[177],"23.8%":[181],"(3455)":[182],"submissions.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
