{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804721500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3178155","title":"A Survey on Multidimensional Scaling","display_name":"A Survey on Multidimensional Scaling","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804721500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3178155","mag":"2804721500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3178155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3178155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042602326","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KSA, Thuwal, Makkah"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KSA, Thuwal, Makkah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014061593","display_name":"Haewoon Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haewoon Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, South Korea, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, South Korea, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053287520","display_name":"Mian Imtiaz Ul Haq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Imtiaz Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016006505","display_name":"Dost Bhatti Muhammad Saqib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I343975184","display_name":"Dawood University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/030xw6n96","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I343975184"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dost Bhatti Muhammad Saqib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I343975184"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.3495,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":233,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99176883,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-scaling","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","score":0.9453779458999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7634820342063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6273946762084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-data","display_name":"Multidimensional data","score":0.5970183610916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.5831219553947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-analysis","display_name":"Multidimensional analysis","score":0.56447833776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47071975469589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4677562713623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4333272874355316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.42497190833091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-systems","display_name":"Multidimensional systems","score":0.4194621741771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3156900405883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17892184853553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17287218570709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13261672854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12618687748908997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91682802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620538","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","level":2,"score":0.9453779458999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7634820342063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6273946762084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019022308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418353","display_name":"Multidimensional data","level":2,"score":0.5970183610916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5831219553947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169191187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418353","display_name":"Multidimensional analysis","level":2,"score":0.56447833776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47071975469589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4677562713623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4333272874355316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.42497190833091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158457486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17104301","display_name":"Multidimensional systems","level":2,"score":0.4194621741771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3156900405883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17892184853553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17287218570709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13261672854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12618687748908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3178155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3178155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/631358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/631358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":151,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44224154","https://openalex.org/W49953538","https://openalex.org/W58716508","https://openalex.org/W61996118","https://openalex.org/W139757862","https://openalex.org/W176175254","https://openalex.org/W239634288","https://openalex.org/W603342411","https://openalex.org/W605075778","https://openalex.org/W1479963486","https://openalex.org/W1489838709","https://openalex.org/W1521111469","https://openalex.org/W1537202893","https://openalex.org/W1558389304","https://openalex.org/W1565377632","https://openalex.org/W1576210768","https://openalex.org/W1581446946","https://openalex.org/W1588351438","https://openalex.org/W1590564964","https://openalex.org/W1592033656","https://openalex.org/W1602631884","https://openalex.org/W1606194845","https://openalex.org/W1620680570","https://openalex.org/W1628172068","https://openalex.org/W1680267993","https://openalex.org/W1792341371","https://openalex.org/W1938740620","https://openalex.org/W1965680834","https://openalex.org/W1966496321","https://openalex.org/W1966800410","https://openalex.org/W1974851736","https://openalex.org/W1980727159","https://openalex.org/W1983874789","https://openalex.org/W1986445760","https://openalex.org/W1986775991","https://openalex.org/W1988728360","https://openalex.org/W1990040210","https://openalex.org/W1992551667","https://openalex.org/W1993379288","https://openalex.org/W1993436046","https://openalex.org/W1996611764","https://openalex.org/W1999597013","https://openalex.org/W2000215628","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2001813029","https://openalex.org/W2002830978","https://openalex.org/W2004026774","https://openalex.org/W2004473847","https://openalex.org/W2005276292","https://openalex.org/W2007572995","https://openalex.org/W2010486434","https://openalex.org/W2016639084","https://openalex.org/W2018173843","https://openalex.org/W2019020850","https://openalex.org/W2019548042","https://openalex.org/W2020502148","https://openalex.org/W2023774983","https://openalex.org/W2025298272","https://openalex.org/W2034224004","https://openalex.org/W2044525233","https://openalex.org/W2046463720","https://openalex.org/W2049444669","https://openalex.org/W2050846029","https://openalex.org/W2055250220","https://openalex.org/W2056884786","https://openalex.org/W2057423435","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2060312757","https://openalex.org/W2060901882","https://openalex.org/W2061047464","https://openalex.org/W2061681393","https://openalex.org/W2062631198","https://openalex.org/W2066480529","https://openalex.org/W2067752346","https://openalex.org/W2072371179","https://openalex.org/W2073825622","https://openalex.org/W2074667993","https://openalex.org/W2075220720","https://openalex.org/W2078572019","https://openalex.org/W2079707657","https://openalex.org/W2087196505","https://openalex.org/W2090417045","https://openalex.org/W2092404549","https://openalex.org/W2098578926","https://openalex.org/W2100369677","https://openalex.org/W2100456966","https://openalex.org/W2104371487","https://openalex.org/W2106446203","https://openalex.org/W2110340327","https://openalex.org/W2111684210","https://openalex.org/W2111957157","https://openalex.org/W2114686809","https://openalex.org/W2119471108","https://openalex.org/W2120273661","https://openalex.org/W2120323899","https://openalex.org/W2121491358","https://openalex.org/W2121741379","https://openalex.org/W2124178852","https://openalex.org/W2125914984","https://openalex.org/W2129910847","https://openalex.org/W2130207088","https://openalex.org/W2130802466","https://openalex.org/W2132632442","https://openalex.org/W2133759091","https://openalex.org/W2134312057","https://openalex.org/W2135001774","https://openalex.org/W2136259596","https://openalex.org/W2136918063","https://openalex.org/W2143412085","https://openalex.org/W2143822587","https://openalex.org/W2147618390","https://openalex.org/W2148680228","https://openalex.org/W2152825437","https://openalex.org/W2153934661","https://openalex.org/W2157456203","https://openalex.org/W2161249924","https://openalex.org/W2165053603","https://openalex.org/W2167642049","https://openalex.org/W2169504875","https://openalex.org/W2172219851","https://openalex.org/W2183849170","https://openalex.org/W2188300213","https://openalex.org/W2279951620","https://openalex.org/W2324760156","https://openalex.org/W2326116526","https://openalex.org/W2327688165","https://openalex.org/W2338849079","https://openalex.org/W2345947583","https://openalex.org/W2461409857","https://openalex.org/W2468645674","https://openalex.org/W2470801117","https://openalex.org/W2479500547","https://openalex.org/W2484845345","https://openalex.org/W2492307518","https://openalex.org/W2493430566","https://openalex.org/W2533878239","https://openalex.org/W2547354964","https://openalex.org/W2573066049","https://openalex.org/W2789251334","https://openalex.org/W2796378293","https://openalex.org/W2918754762","https://openalex.org/W2967677465","https://openalex.org/W3100267460","https://openalex.org/W3104785315","https://openalex.org/W3146003712","https://openalex.org/W4236301805","https://openalex.org/W4250849069","https://openalex.org/W4254629600","https://openalex.org/W4254910526","https://openalex.org/W4292920905","https://openalex.org/W6647926910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106202144","https://openalex.org/W1585485335","https://openalex.org/W2367886317","https://openalex.org/W2171047372","https://openalex.org/W2370170137","https://openalex.org/W1641902366","https://openalex.org/W4299279426","https://openalex.org/W2015609928","https://openalex.org/W4245539973","https://openalex.org/W4245095669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"survey":[1,106],"presents":[2],"multidimensional":[3,131],"scaling":[4],"(MDS)":[5],"methods":[6],"and":[7,17,24,122],"their":[8],"applications":[9],"in":[10,79,111,143],"real":[11],"world.":[12],"MDS":[13,27,51,67,77,108,121,124,140,153],"is":[14,28,53,69,109],"an":[15],"exploratory":[16],"multivariate":[18,32],"data":[19,33,43,49],"analysis":[20,34,52],"technique":[21,68],"becoming":[22],"more":[23,25,145],"popular.":[26],"one":[29],"of":[30,60,119,151],"the":[31,40,56,61,66,72,84,87,116,130],"techniques,":[35],"which":[36,95],"tries":[37],"to":[38,71,101,128],"represent":[39],"higher":[41],"dimensional":[42],"into":[44],"lower":[45],"space.":[46],"The":[47],"input":[48],"for":[50],"measured":[54,73],"by":[55,114,149],"dissimilarity":[57,74],"or":[58,75],"similarity":[59],"objects":[62,89,94],"under":[63],"observation.":[64],"Once":[65],"applied":[70],"similarity,":[76],"results":[78],"a":[80,144],"spatial":[81,85],"map.":[82],"In":[83,104],"map,":[86],"dissimilar":[88],"are":[90,96,98,141],"far":[91],"apart":[92],"while":[93],"similar":[97],"placed":[99],"close":[100],"each":[102],"other.":[103],"this":[105],"article,":[107],"described":[110,142],"comprehensive":[112],"fashion":[113],"explaining":[115],"basic":[117],"notions":[118],"classical":[120],"how":[123],"can":[125],"be":[126],"helpful":[127],"analyze":[129],"data.":[132],"Later":[133],"on,":[134],"various":[135,152],"special":[136],"models":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"mathematical":[146],"way":[147],"followed":[148],"comparisons":[150],"techniques.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}