{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790176444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3176258.3176313","title":"Cross-App Tracking via Nearby Bluetooth Low Energy Devices","display_name":"Cross-App Tracking via Nearby Bluetooth Low Energy Devices","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790176444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3176258.3176313","mag":"2790176444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3176258.3176313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3176258.3176313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005219368","display_name":"Aleksandra Korolova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-9058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Korolova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075884923","display_name":"Vinod Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-8745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinod Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005219368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93909209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.9170936346054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.7680534720420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7269033193588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7161794304847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.6202903389930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6132498979568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.5327114462852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.45981037616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4438791275024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.44358301162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.43824654817581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32819652557373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3125060498714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2831725478172302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.9170936346054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.7680534720420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7269033193588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7161794304847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.6202903389930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6132498979568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.5327114462852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.45981037616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4438791275024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.44358301162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.43824654817581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32819652557373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3125060498714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2831725478172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3176258.3176313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3176258.3176313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W629515257","https://openalex.org/W1208857234","https://openalex.org/W1434501562","https://openalex.org/W1587084186","https://openalex.org/W1593031142","https://openalex.org/W1961036462","https://openalex.org/W1991685971","https://openalex.org/W2025267317","https://openalex.org/W2031500863","https://openalex.org/W2044554553","https://openalex.org/W2061719810","https://openalex.org/W2121794413","https://openalex.org/W2122837018","https://openalex.org/W2143554828","https://openalex.org/W2147063679","https://openalex.org/W2159764755","https://openalex.org/W2266573070","https://openalex.org/W2274307588","https://openalex.org/W2294481702","https://openalex.org/W2394784643","https://openalex.org/W2467636675","https://openalex.org/W2474220815","https://openalex.org/W2535603283","https://openalex.org/W2600871181","https://openalex.org/W2604173668","https://openalex.org/W2753515421","https://openalex.org/W2803998289","https://openalex.org/W2952173111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2316685381","https://openalex.org/W2026217228","https://openalex.org/W3003485427","https://openalex.org/W2460679371","https://openalex.org/W2056388267","https://openalex.org/W2249350383","https://openalex.org/W4210309948","https://openalex.org/W2755037920","https://openalex.org/W1566557084","https://openalex.org/W4388923452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today":[0],"an":[1],"increasing":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,25],"consumer":[5],"devices":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8],"head":[9],"phones,":[10],"wearables,":[11],"light":[12],"bulbs":[13],"and":[14,31,44,84],"even":[15],"baseball":[16],"bats,":[17],"are":[18],"Bluetooth-enabled":[19],"thanks":[20],"to":[21,41,95],"the":[22,26,71,76,82,96],"widespread":[23],"support":[24],"technology":[27],"by":[28],"phone":[29],"manufacturers":[30],"mobile":[32],"operating":[33,86],"system":[34],"vendors.":[35],"The":[36],"ability":[37],"for":[38,58,91],"any":[39],"device":[40],"seamlessly":[42],"connect":[43],"exchange":[45],"information":[46],"with":[47,75],"smartphones":[48],"via":[49],"Bluetooth":[50,77],"Low":[51],"Energy":[52],"(BLE)":[53],"protocol":[54,73],"promises":[55],"unlimited":[56],"room":[57],"innovation.":[59],"However,":[60],"it":[61],"also":[62],"brings":[63],"about":[64],"new":[65],"privacy":[66],"challenges.":[67],"We":[68],"show":[69],"that":[70],"BLE":[72],"together":[74],"permission":[78],"model":[79],"implemented":[80],"in":[81],"Android":[83],"iOS":[85],"systems":[87],"can":[88],"be":[89],"used":[90],"cross-app":[92],"tracking":[93],"unbeknownst":[94],"individuals.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T14:43:58.451035","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
