{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795459863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174174","title":"The Effects of Badges and Avatar Identification on Play and Making in Educational Games","display_name":"The Effects of Badges and Avatar Identification on Play and Making in Educational Games","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795459863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174174","mag":"2795459863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3173574.3174174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021762095","display_name":"Dominic Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112466339","display_name":"D. Fox Harrell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Fox Harrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.9351222515106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7836208343505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-identification","display_name":"Self identification","score":0.5493820905685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5235254764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-motivation","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","score":0.518409252166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.500633716583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.46880844235420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39226430654525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3410966396331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.09766364097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities","display_name":"Humanities","score":0.06364178657531738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.9351222515106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7836208343505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017491843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860557","display_name":"Self identification","level":2,"score":0.5493820905685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5235254764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985564149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644302","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","level":2,"score":0.518409252166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.500633716583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.46880844235420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39226430654525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3410966396331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.09766364097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.06364178657531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3173574.3174174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1667986316","display_name":"Track 2 EBP: Toward Using Virtual Identities in Computer Science Learning for Broadening Participation","funder_award_id":"1542970","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23394997","https://openalex.org/W52727769","https://openalex.org/W55073431","https://openalex.org/W134467738","https://openalex.org/W161555447","https://openalex.org/W191600009","https://openalex.org/W197900896","https://openalex.org/W203105611","https://openalex.org/W305389981","https://openalex.org/W332455998","https://openalex.org/W1482273480","https://openalex.org/W1585013689","https://openalex.org/W1597788206","https://openalex.org/W1809517135","https://openalex.org/W1863993436","https://openalex.org/W1915730748","https://openalex.org/W1964190135","https://openalex.org/W1966721514","https://openalex.org/W1969585040","https://openalex.org/W1974750193","https://openalex.org/W1976624787","https://openalex.org/W1985208547","https://openalex.org/W1989951005","https://openalex.org/W2000829497","https://openalex.org/W2009912207","https://openalex.org/W2013107345","https://openalex.org/W2020925527","https://openalex.org/W2023062420","https://openalex.org/W2023425620","https://openalex.org/W2026124877","https://openalex.org/W2027984148","https://openalex.org/W2029022240","https://openalex.org/W2032200265","https://openalex.org/W2047440530","https://openalex.org/W2048027433","https://openalex.org/W2054883144","https://openalex.org/W2055666942","https://openalex.org/W2064317623","https://openalex.org/W2067085794","https://openalex.org/W2069444165","https://openalex.org/W2074245507","https://openalex.org/W2074613632","https://openalex.org/W2076714282","https://openalex.org/W2079055453","https://openalex.org/W2081155210","https://openalex.org/W2081525905","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2089592217","https://openalex.org/W2096459062","https://openalex.org/W2097645032","https://openalex.org/W2099513535","https://openalex.org/W2099769844","https://openalex.org/W2101152687","https://openalex.org/W2103005450","https://openalex.org/W2103551585","https://openalex.org/W2106729593","https://openalex.org/W2108478329","https://openalex.org/W2112193291","https://openalex.org/W2114983126","https://openalex.org/W2116310671","https://openalex.org/W2117010133","https://openalex.org/W2131174334","https://openalex.org/W2133622904","https://openalex.org/W2135179426","https://openalex.org/W2139272475","https://openalex.org/W2140489376","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2141838462","https://openalex.org/W2141846678","https://openalex.org/W2143948690","https://openalex.org/W2147489905","https://openalex.org/W2148527862","https://openalex.org/W2151422725","https://openalex.org/W2160144355","https://openalex.org/W2162153512","https://openalex.org/W2237209076","https://openalex.org/W2337162033","https://openalex.org/W2558606226","https://openalex.org/W2579486725","https://openalex.org/W2685011766","https://openalex.org/W2751099397","https://openalex.org/W2951364397","https://openalex.org/W3206480271","https://openalex.org/W3217499814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2577005874","https://openalex.org/W2139480738","https://openalex.org/W4238499114","https://openalex.org/W2106063457","https://openalex.org/W2628859188","https://openalex.org/W2556794812","https://openalex.org/W2404781118","https://openalex.org/W2795459863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"our":[1],"study":[2,134],"(N=2189),":[3],"we":[4],"divided":[5],"participants":[6],"into":[7],"6":[8],"badge":[9,141],"conditions:":[10],"1)":[11],"Role":[12],"model":[13],"badges":[14,20,25,34],"(e.g.,":[15,21,26],"Einstein),":[16],"2)":[17],"Personal":[18],"interest":[19],"Movies),":[22],"3)":[23],"Achievement":[24],"\"Code":[27],"King\"),":[28],"4)":[29],"Choice,":[30],"5)":[31],"Choice":[32],"with":[33],"always":[35],"visible,":[36],"and":[37,74,82,95,109,112,143,155],"6)":[38],"No":[39],"badges.":[40],"Participants":[41],"played":[42],"a":[43],"CS":[44],"programming":[45],"game,":[46],"then":[47],"used":[48],"an":[49],"editor":[50],"to":[51,114],"create":[52],"their":[53],"own":[54],"level.":[55],"Badges":[56],"promoted":[57,90,100],"avatar":[58,88,98,151],"identification":[59,89,99,152],"(personal":[60],"interest,":[61],"role":[62,67,72],"model),":[63,68,73],"player":[64,91],"experience":[65],"(achievement,":[66,71],"intrinsic":[69,93],"motivation":[70],"self-efficacy":[75],"(role":[76],"model)":[77],"during":[78],"both":[79,106],"the":[80,83,107,110,120,138,148],"game":[81,108,122],"editor.":[84],"Independent":[85],"of":[86,119,140,150],"badges,":[87],"experience,":[92],"motivation,":[94],"self-efficacy.":[96],"Additionally,":[97],"greater":[101],"overall":[102,117],"time":[103],"spent":[104],"in":[105],"editor,":[111],"led":[113],"significantly":[115],"higher":[116],"quality":[118],"completed":[121],"levels":[123],"(as":[124],"rated":[125],"by":[126],"3":[127],"independent":[128],"externally":[129],"trained":[130],"QA":[131],"testers).":[132],"Our":[133],"has":[135],"implications":[136],"for":[137],"design":[139],"systems":[142],"sheds":[144],"new":[145],"light":[146],"on":[147,153],"effects":[149],"play":[154],"making.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}