{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796034263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070","title":"Forte","display_name":"Forte","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796034263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070","mag":"2796034263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3173574.3174070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173574.3174070","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173574.3174070","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441917","display_name":"Xiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang 'Anthony' Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058826825","display_name":"Ye Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9152-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017439867","display_name":"Guanyun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-1504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanyun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089087449","display_name":"Runchang Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runchang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058485609","display_name":"Tovi Grossman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-5373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103820","display_name":"Autodesk (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01b3dk794","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286353243","https://openalex.org/I4210103820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tovi Grossman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autodesk Research, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autodesk Research, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055713873","display_name":"Stelian Coros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-4784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stelian Coros","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039238746","display_name":"Scott E. Hudson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-3251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott E. Hudson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100441917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1259,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95900829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.8622639179229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7887630462646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology-optimization","display_name":"Topology optimization","score":0.6128634810447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-design","display_name":"Generative Design","score":0.5967129468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5173841714859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4776410162448883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.41454607248306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09715834259986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08200550079345703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8622639179229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7887630462646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189216461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443456","display_name":"Topology optimization","level":3,"score":0.6128634810447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184408114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502022","display_name":"Generative Design","level":3,"score":0.5967129468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5173841714859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4776410162448883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.41454607248306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09715834259986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08200550079345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3173574.3174070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173574.3174070","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3173574.3174070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173574.3174070","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3357389716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1718651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7247420554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1718651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796034263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796034263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10311529","https://openalex.org/W44459950","https://openalex.org/W1500209734","https://openalex.org/W1500842519","https://openalex.org/W1604986327","https://openalex.org/W1963545996","https://openalex.org/W1978292403","https://openalex.org/W2000661328","https://openalex.org/W2007660220","https://openalex.org/W2024236092","https://openalex.org/W2026687385","https://openalex.org/W2029241756","https://openalex.org/W2059216172","https://openalex.org/W2078095476","https://openalex.org/W2087184585","https://openalex.org/W2101102204","https://openalex.org/W2105021915","https://openalex.org/W2109911863","https://openalex.org/W2137726847","https://openalex.org/W2138482372","https://openalex.org/W2141377530","https://openalex.org/W2145930572","https://openalex.org/W2544917569","https://openalex.org/W2757079384","https://openalex.org/W2766572115","https://openalex.org/W4230927393","https://openalex.org/W4251279517","https://openalex.org/W4252660849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2378679551","https://openalex.org/W3149739944","https://openalex.org/W2392363776","https://openalex.org/W2063051341","https://openalex.org/W2591066345","https://openalex.org/W1494563618","https://openalex.org/W3154443466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-cost":[0],"fabrication":[1],"machines":[2],"(e.g.,":[3],"3D":[4],"printers)":[5],"offer":[6],"the":[7,59,103,128,139,145],"promise":[8],"of":[9,16,32,54,164],"creating":[10],"custom-designed":[11],"objects":[12],"by":[13],"a":[14,33,51,65,76,81,109,162],"range":[15,163],"users.":[17],"To":[18],"maximize":[19],"performance,":[20,113],"generative":[21],"design":[22,34,48,67],"methods":[23,42],"such":[24,41],"as":[25],"topology":[26,98],"optimization":[27],"can":[28,101,120],"automatically":[29],"optimize":[30,115],"properties":[31],"based":[35,143],"on":[36,93,144],"high-level":[37],"specifications.":[38],"Though":[39],"promising,":[40],"require":[43],"people":[44,87],"to":[45,74,88,105,125,141,158],"map":[46],"their":[47,94],"ideas--often":[49],"unintuitively--to":[50],"small":[52],"number":[53],"mathematical":[55],"input":[56],"parameters,":[57],"and":[58,64,91,160,170],"relationship":[60],"between":[61],"those":[62],"parameters":[63],"generated":[66],"is":[68],"often":[69],"unclear,":[70],"making":[71],"it":[72],"difficult":[73],"iterate":[75,92],"design.":[77],"We":[78],"present":[79],"Forte,":[80],"sketch-based,":[82],"real-time":[83],"interactive":[84],"tool":[85],"for":[86],"directly":[89],"express":[90],"designs":[95,166],"via":[96],"2D":[97],"optimization.":[99],"Users":[100,119],"ask":[102],"system":[104,140],"add":[106],"structures,":[107],"provide":[108],"variation":[110],"with":[111,150,167],"better":[112],"or":[114,131],"internal":[116],"material":[117],"layouts.":[118],"globally":[121],"control":[122],"how":[123],"much":[124],"'deviate'":[126],"from":[127],"initial":[129],"sketch,":[130],"perform":[132],"local":[133],"suggestive":[134],"editing,":[135],"which":[136],"interactively":[137],"prompts":[138],"update":[142],"new":[146],"information.":[147],"Design":[148],"sessions":[149],"10":[151],"participants":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"that":[154],"Forte":[155],"empowers":[156],"designers":[157],"create":[159],"explore":[161],"optimized":[165],"custom":[168],"forms":[169],"styles.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2018-04-13T00:00:00"}