{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790662818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3172944.3172987","title":"Webcam-based Attention Tracking in Online Learning","display_name":"Webcam-based Attention Tracking in Online Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790662818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3172944.3172987","mag":"2790662818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3172944.3172987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3172944.3172987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047426731","display_name":"Tarmo Robal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7396-8843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tarmo Robal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057711796","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046098108","display_name":"Christoph Lofi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Lofi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084915697","display_name":"Claudia Hauff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-6470"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Hauff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047426731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0847,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86687307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7780646085739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6499313116073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6281067132949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.5911088585853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.566740870475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5314363837242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5055577754974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5000402927398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massive-open-online-course","display_name":"Massive open online course","score":0.4747329652309418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.46882790327072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4592985212802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.43452316522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.42923498153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.42426639795303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3502434194087982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20761966705322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12670326232910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10961291193962097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7780646085739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6499313116073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6281067132949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5911088585853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.566740870475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5314363837242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5055577754974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5000402927398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777808570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967853","display_name":"Massive open online course","level":2,"score":0.4747329652309418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.46882790327072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4592985212802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.43452316522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.42923498153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.42426639795303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3502434194087982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20761966705322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12670326232910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10961291193962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3172944.3172987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3172944.3172987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197237012","https://openalex.org/W613542490","https://openalex.org/W791817390","https://openalex.org/W1486582754","https://openalex.org/W1511434862","https://openalex.org/W1518771906","https://openalex.org/W1953262639","https://openalex.org/W1956121861","https://openalex.org/W1960505829","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2024891449","https://openalex.org/W2042157465","https://openalex.org/W2085115106","https://openalex.org/W2091852071","https://openalex.org/W2092149425","https://openalex.org/W2095506523","https://openalex.org/W2144515331","https://openalex.org/W2160482716","https://openalex.org/W2171822968","https://openalex.org/W2172071592","https://openalex.org/W2461537752","https://openalex.org/W2574742418","https://openalex.org/W2592323421","https://openalex.org/W2593093587","https://openalex.org/W2610702023","https://openalex.org/W2735359219","https://openalex.org/W2752533184","https://openalex.org/W2810711844","https://openalex.org/W2920894990","https://openalex.org/W4244360062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W2357268223","https://openalex.org/W2807721994","https://openalex.org/W3164623690","https://openalex.org/W2606212637","https://openalex.org/W4210812943","https://openalex.org/W4390476759","https://openalex.org/W2302761325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"main":[1],"weakness":[2],"of":[3,14,51,72,81,87,117,122,148,158,189,196,202,216,237,246],"the":[4,44,49,78,103,107,187,205,214],"open":[5],"online":[6,206],"learning":[7,61,74,90,108,151,207],"movement":[8],"is":[9,48,75,91],"retention:":[10],"a":[11,25,69,166,190,197,200,224,235,256],"small":[12],"minority":[13],"learners":[15,40,53,67],"(on":[16],"average":[17],"5-10%,":[18],"in":[19,125,182,204],"extreme":[20],"cases":[21],"<1%)":[22],"that":[23,65,250],"start":[24],"so-called":[26],"Massive":[27],"Open":[28],"Online":[29],"Course":[30],"(MOOC)":[31],"complete":[32],"it":[33,233],"successfully.":[34],"There":[35],"are":[36,41,54,119,174],"many":[37],"reasons":[38],"why":[39],"unsuccessful,":[42],"among":[43],"most":[45],"important":[46],"ones":[47],"lack":[50],"self-regulation:":[52],"often":[55],"not":[56],"able":[57],"to":[58,77,99,106,113,136,153,164,176,259],"self-regulate":[59],"their":[60,73],"behavior.":[62],"Designing":[63],"tools":[64],"provide":[66],"with":[68],"greater":[70],"awareness":[71],"vital":[76],"future":[79],"success":[80],"MOOC":[82],"environments.":[83],"Detecting":[84],"learners'":[85,104],"loss":[86,116,157,201],"focus":[88,118,203],"during":[89],"particularly":[92],"important,":[93],"as":[94,146],"this":[95,183,210,231,252],"can":[96,170],"allow":[97],"us":[98],"intervene":[100],"and":[101,140,173,178,219,242,262],"return":[102],"attention":[105],"materials.":[109],"One":[110],"technological":[111],"affordance":[112],"detect":[114,154,199],"such":[115],"webcams---ubiquitous":[120],"pieces":[121],"hardware":[123,261],"available":[124],"almost":[126],"all":[127],"laptops":[128],"today.":[129],"In":[130,180],"recent":[131],"years,":[132],"researchers":[133],"have":[134,165],"begun":[135],"exploit":[137],"eye":[138],"tracking":[139,264],"gaze":[141],"data":[142],"generated":[143],"from":[144],"webcams":[145],"part":[147],"complex":[149,175],"machine":[150],"solutions":[152],"inattention":[155],"or":[156,194],"focus.":[159],"Those":[160],"approaches":[161],"however":[162],"tend":[163],"high":[167],"detection":[168],"lag,":[169],"be":[171],"inaccurate,":[172],"design":[177],"maintain.":[179],"contrast,":[181],"paper,":[184],"we":[185,212,227],"explore":[186],"possibility":[188],"simple":[191],"alternative---the":[192],"presence":[193],"absence":[195],"face---to":[198],"setting.":[208],"To":[209],"end,":[211],"evaluate":[213],"performance":[215],"three":[217],"consumer":[218],"professional":[220],"eye/face-tracking":[221],"frameworks":[222],"using":[223],"benchmark":[225],"suite":[226],"designed":[228],"specifically":[229],"for":[230],"purpose:":[232],"contains":[234],"set":[236],"common":[238],"xMOOC":[239],"user":[240],"activities":[241],"behaviours.":[243],"The":[244],"results":[245],"our":[247],"study":[248],"show":[249],"even":[251],"basic":[253],"approach":[254],"poses":[255],"significant":[257],"challenge":[258],"current":[260],"software-based":[263],"solutions.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
