{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790195820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3159527","title":"An Explicit Strategy to Scaffold Novice Program Tracing","display_name":"An Explicit Strategy to Scaffold Novice Program Tracing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790195820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3159527","mag":"2790195820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3159450.3159527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3159527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032808035","display_name":"Benjamin Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019091316","display_name":"Greg L. Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-9727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg L. Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037160778","display_name":"Amy J. Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy J. Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032808035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9844512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"344","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.9111976623535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7189475297927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/think-aloud-protocol","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","score":0.6288537979125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-analysis","display_name":"Protocol analysis","score":0.4103334844112396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.40520140528678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2983476221561432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.23853859305381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14006307721138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.09300106763839722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.9111976623535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7189475297927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.6288537979125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.4103334844112396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.40520140528678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2983476221561432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.23853859305381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14006307721138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.09300106763839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3159450.3159527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3159527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4283794852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1314399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6047289442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12566082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6591640551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1735123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7441413635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1703304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597828109","https://openalex.org/W1983637051","https://openalex.org/W1984964495","https://openalex.org/W2029541929","https://openalex.org/W2033086912","https://openalex.org/W2071792242","https://openalex.org/W2071855719","https://openalex.org/W2072481707","https://openalex.org/W2117381792","https://openalex.org/W2122166962","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2165365113","https://openalex.org/W2166993358","https://openalex.org/W2167759247","https://openalex.org/W2274171761","https://openalex.org/W2512013293","https://openalex.org/W2748071319","https://openalex.org/W2748908871","https://openalex.org/W2801371430","https://openalex.org/W2892211387","https://openalex.org/W2988660182","https://openalex.org/W2991994063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188860261","https://openalex.org/W4299529040","https://openalex.org/W3188118552","https://openalex.org/W2125259630","https://openalex.org/W2016587816","https://openalex.org/W1795122992","https://openalex.org/W2127784610","https://openalex.org/W2108120676","https://openalex.org/W2201589544","https://openalex.org/W2154458275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,77,89],"propose":[1],"and":[2,34,44,131,139,147,152,178],"evaluate":[3,56],"a":[4,65,73,192],"lightweight":[5],"strategy":[6,28,84,107,150,160],"for":[7,51,119],"tracing":[8,43,121,136,187],"code":[9],"that":[10,135,148,174],"can":[11,183],"be":[12],"efficiently":[13],"taught":[14],"to":[15,53,85,94,144],"novice":[16],"programmers,":[17],"building":[18],"off":[19],"of":[20,49,59,101,129],"recent":[21],"findings":[22,172],"on":[23,109,163,167],"\"sketching\"":[24,140],"when":[25],"tracing.":[26,155],"This":[27],"helps":[29],"novices":[30,70],"apply":[31],"the":[32,57,83,86,99,116,120,124,149,159,168],"syntactic":[33],"semantic":[35],"knowledge":[36],"they":[37,97],"are":[38],"learning":[39],"by":[40,189],"encouraging":[41],"line-by-line":[42],"providing":[45],"an":[46],"external":[47],"representation":[48],"memory":[50],"them":[52],"update.":[54],"To":[55],"effect":[58],"teaching":[60,191],"this":[61,106],"strategy,":[62],"we":[63,182],"conducted":[64],"block-randomized":[66],"experiment":[67],"with":[68],"24":[69],"enrolled":[71],"in":[72,115,175],"university-level":[74],"CS1":[75,185],"course.":[76],"spent":[78],"only":[79],"5-10":[80],"minutes":[81],"introducing":[82],"experimental":[87],"condition.":[88],"then":[90],"asked":[91],"both":[92],"conditions":[93],"think-aloud":[95,130],"as":[96],"predicted":[98],"output":[100],"short":[102],"programs.":[103],"Students":[104,156],"using":[105],"scored":[108,162],"average":[110,164],"15%":[111],"higher":[112,166],"than":[113],"students":[114],"control":[117],"group":[118],"problems":[122],"used":[123],"study":[125],"(p<0.05).":[126],"Qualitative":[127],"analysis":[128],"interview":[132],"data":[133],"showed":[134],"systematically":[137],"(line-by-line":[138],"intermediate":[141],"values)":[142],"led":[143],"better":[145],"performance":[146],"scaffolded":[151],"encouraged":[153],"systematic":[154],"who":[157],"learned":[158],"also":[161],"7%":[165],"course":[169],"midterm.":[170],"These":[171],"suggest":[173],"<1":[176],"hour":[177],"without":[179],"computer-based":[180],"tools,":[181],"improve":[184],"students'":[186],"abilities":[188],"explicitly":[190],"strategy.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}