{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2767778696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158121","title":"A new proof rule for almost-sure termination","display_name":"A new proof rule for almost-sure termination","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2767778696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158121","mag":"2767778696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158121","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3158121?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3158121?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035107880","display_name":"Annabelle McIver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-9838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Annabelle McIver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113632441","display_name":"Carroll Morgan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carroll Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61 at CSIRO, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61 at CSIRO, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045667283","display_name":"Benjamin Lucien Kaminski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-2324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Lucien Kaminski","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Germany / University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Germany / University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090819329","display_name":"Joost-Pieter Katoen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157556583","display_name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnh5541","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157556583"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost-Pieter Katoen","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Germany / IST Austria, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Germany / IST Austria, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799","https://openalex.org/I157556583"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035107880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96218185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"POPL","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.7660801410675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7308034896850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5396310091018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.49476784467697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4548715353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinism","display_name":"Determinism","score":0.4328259825706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.42684298753738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42120814323425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4107131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2151588797569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08877530694007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07331684231758118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.7660801410675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7308034896850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5396310091018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.49476784467697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4548715353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192183473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131133","display_name":"Determinism","level":2,"score":0.4328259825706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.42684298753738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42120814323425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4107131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2151588797569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08877530694007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07331684231758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158121","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3158121?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158121","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3158121?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G529437063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP140101119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310638","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321652","display_name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2767778696.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2767778696.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72346910","https://openalex.org/W94183712","https://openalex.org/W1524865709","https://openalex.org/W1595989212","https://openalex.org/W1734364899","https://openalex.org/W1805871248","https://openalex.org/W1972599934","https://openalex.org/W2000108089","https://openalex.org/W2014354084","https://openalex.org/W2055631309","https://openalex.org/W2091188761","https://openalex.org/W2092233450","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2106859502","https://openalex.org/W2141670510","https://openalex.org/W2145939802","https://openalex.org/W2166496828","https://openalex.org/W2222812367","https://openalex.org/W2294463722","https://openalex.org/W2548604229","https://openalex.org/W2560717623","https://openalex.org/W2585188322","https://openalex.org/W2591192832","https://openalex.org/W2596582120","https://openalex.org/W2755806184","https://openalex.org/W2898739661","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W3146075203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302559785","https://openalex.org/W2000943029","https://openalex.org/W2950376466","https://openalex.org/W1969483203","https://openalex.org/W2466303427","https://openalex.org/W1511249877","https://openalex.org/W1578828174","https://openalex.org/W4226437312","https://openalex.org/W2950202488","https://openalex.org/W2604424424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,111],"present":[1],"a":[2,23,54],"new":[3,55,117],"proof":[4],"rule":[5],"for":[6,22,57],"proving":[7],"almost-sure":[8],"termination":[9],"of":[10,31,106,115],"probabilistic":[11,24],"programs,":[12],"including":[13],"those":[14],"that":[15,38,40,46,83,98],"contain":[16],"demonic":[17,73],"non-determinism.":[18],"An":[19],"important":[20],"question":[21],"program":[25,71],"is":[26,36,39,97],"whether":[27],"the":[28,64,70,99,104,107,113,116],"probability":[29,105],"mass":[30],"all":[32],"its":[33,121,129],"diverging":[34],"runs":[35],"zero,":[37],"it":[41],"terminates":[42],"\"almost":[43],"surely\".":[44],"Proving":[45],"can":[47],"be":[48],"hard,":[49],"and":[50,86,127],"this":[51],"paper":[52],"presents":[53],"method":[56],"doing":[58],"so.":[59],"It":[60],"applies":[61],"directly":[62],"to":[63,131],"program's":[65],"source":[66],"code,":[67],"even":[68],"if":[69],"contains":[72],"choice.":[74],"Like":[75],"others,":[76],"we":[77],"use":[78],"variant":[79],"functions":[80],"(a.k.a.":[81],"\"super-martingales\")":[82],"are":[84,109],"real-valued":[85],"decrease":[87,108],"randomly":[88],"on":[89,134],"each":[90],"loop":[91],"iteration;":[92],"but":[93],"our":[94],"key":[95],"innovation":[96],"amount":[100],"as":[101,103],"well":[102],"parametric.":[110],"prove":[112],"soundness":[114],"rule,":[118],"indicate":[119],"where":[120],"applicability":[122],"goes":[123],"beyond":[124],"existing":[125],"rules,":[126],"explain":[128],"connection":[130],"classical":[132],"results":[133],"denumerable":[135],"(non-demonic)":[136],"Markov":[137],"chains.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
