{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2776911292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158103","title":"Migrating gradual types","display_name":"Migrating gradual types","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2776911292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158103","mag":"2776911292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158103","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3158103&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3158103&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026003281","display_name":"John Peter Campora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-9552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79516672","display_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8rc503","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799628689","https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Peter Campora","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321009","display_name":"Sheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79516672","display_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8rc503","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799628689","https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078733350","display_name":"Martin Erwig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Erwig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057741632","display_name":"Eric Walkingshaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1214-0791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Walkingshaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4217,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95377213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"POPL","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.876063346862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8090305924415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5755325555801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5385234355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4876762628555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08747464418411255}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.876063346862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8090305924415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5755325555801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5385234355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4876762628555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08747464418411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158103","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3158103&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3158103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3158103","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3158103&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210905307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-16-C- 0044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3875479041","display_name":"SHF: Small: A Theory of Explanation Languages","funder_award_id":"1717300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G439284566","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-16-C-0044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8106748610","display_name":"HCC: Large: Collaborative Research: Variations to Support Exploratory Programming","funder_award_id":"1314384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307943","display_name":"Raytheon Company","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2776911292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2776911292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77592238","https://openalex.org/W1568983194","https://openalex.org/W1581253965","https://openalex.org/W1966439887","https://openalex.org/W1970075481","https://openalex.org/W1971373556","https://openalex.org/W1999296854","https://openalex.org/W2011725693","https://openalex.org/W2016954568","https://openalex.org/W2043254047","https://openalex.org/W2048064553","https://openalex.org/W2069858276","https://openalex.org/W2070088936","https://openalex.org/W2102863244","https://openalex.org/W2106009651","https://openalex.org/W2106799975","https://openalex.org/W2113556560","https://openalex.org/W2115346618","https://openalex.org/W2128496924","https://openalex.org/W2150998213","https://openalex.org/W2255732237","https://openalex.org/W2284690928","https://openalex.org/W2295283668","https://openalex.org/W2295415424","https://openalex.org/W2296599395","https://openalex.org/W2495617574","https://openalex.org/W2515214571","https://openalex.org/W2553615676","https://openalex.org/W2556346428","https://openalex.org/W2561537655","https://openalex.org/W2566906701","https://openalex.org/W2577202647","https://openalex.org/W2621005330","https://openalex.org/W2736821074","https://openalex.org/W2751329183","https://openalex.org/W2753479937","https://openalex.org/W2764058560","https://openalex.org/W2796564118","https://openalex.org/W3009600509","https://openalex.org/W3137596000","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3176169626","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W1606200072","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2013429256","https://openalex.org/W1981020211","https://openalex.org/W2040397198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gradual":[0],"typing":[1,11,34,147,192,204],"allows":[2],"programs":[3],"to":[4,20,27,41,53,68,89,93,154,169,179,186],"enjoy":[5],"the":[6,47,61,85,162,208,211],"benefits":[7],"of":[8,64,104,135,165,210],"both":[9],"static":[10,96,157],"and":[12,116,193,213],"dynamic":[13,166],"typing.":[14,222],"While":[15],"it":[16,195],"is":[17],"often":[18],"desirable":[19],"migrate":[21,90],"a":[22,39,91,142,152,171],"program":[23,92,153,212],"from":[24,110,141],"more":[25,28],"dynamically-typed":[26],"statically-typed":[29],"or":[30,56,106,137,160],"vice":[31],"versa,":[32],"gradual":[33,221],"itself":[35],"does":[36],"not":[37],"provide":[38],"way":[40],"facilitate":[42],"this":[43,119,123],"migration.":[44],"This":[45],"places":[46],"burden":[48],"on":[49,196],"programmers":[50],"who":[51],"have":[52,189],"manually":[54],"add":[55],"remove":[57,170],"type":[58,66,108,139,172],"annotations.":[59],"Besides":[60],"general":[62],"challenge":[63],"adding":[65,105,136],"annotations":[67,78,109,140,185],"dynamically":[69],"typed":[70,81,144],"code,":[71],"there":[72],"are":[73],"subtle":[74],"interactions":[75],"between":[76],"these":[77],"in":[79,99],"gradually":[80,143],"code":[82],"that":[83,202],"exacerbate":[84],"situation.":[86],"For":[87],"example,":[88],"be":[94,113,155,177],"as":[95,97,156,158],"possible,":[98,159],"general,":[100],"all":[101,132],"possible":[102,133],"combinations":[103],"removing":[107,138],"parameters":[111],"must":[112],"tried":[114],"out":[115],"compared.":[117],"In":[118],"paper,":[120],"we":[121],"address":[122],"problem":[124],"by":[125],"developing":[126],"migrational":[127,191,203],"typing,":[128],"which":[129,184],"efficiently":[130],"types":[131,167],"ways":[134],"program.":[145],"The":[146,174,199],"result":[148],"supports":[149],"automatically":[150],"migrating":[151],"introducing":[161],"least":[163],"number":[164],"necessary":[168],"error.":[173],"approach":[175],"can":[176],"extended":[178],"support":[180],"user-defined":[181],"criteria":[182],"about":[183],"modify.":[187],"We":[188],"implemented":[190],"evaluated":[194],"large":[197],"programs.":[198],"results":[200],"show":[201],"scales":[205],"linearly":[206],"with":[207],"size":[209],"takes":[214],"only":[215],"2\u20134":[216],"times":[217],"longer":[218],"than":[219],"plain":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}