{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2781428482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3148011.3154463","title":"Distractor Generation with Generative Adversarial Nets for Automatically Creating Fill-in-the-blank Questions","display_name":"Distractor Generation with Generative Adversarial Nets for Automatically Creating Fill-in-the-blank Questions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2781428482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3148011.3154463","mag":"2781428482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3148011.3154463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3148011.3154463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053537544","display_name":"Chen Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0124-4133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044694251","display_name":"Xiao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-3014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108060776","display_name":"Drew C. Wham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-9015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew Wham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teaching and Learning with Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teaching and Learning with Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113842925","display_name":"Bart Pursel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Pursel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teaching and Learning with Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teaching and Learning with Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049838666","display_name":"Rebecca Passonneaur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Passonneaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001294898","display_name":"C. Lee Giles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Lee Giles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053537544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8985527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12478","display_name":"Wikis in Education and Collaboration","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8198336362838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7608439922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blank","display_name":"Blank","score":0.7232483625411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word2vec","display_name":"Word2vec","score":0.701305091381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6790226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.581308901309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5749430060386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5541719198226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.49939942359924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.4858567416667938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4556553363800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4252583682537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.39549481868743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3274462819099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.30744534730911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26382237672805786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8198336362838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7608439922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778089247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368951","display_name":"Blank","level":2,"score":0.7232483625411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22673982","display_name":"Word2vec","level":3,"score":0.701305091381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6790226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.581308901309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5749430060386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5541719198226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.49939942359924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.4858567416667938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4556553363800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4252583682537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.39549481868743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3274462819099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30744534730911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26382237672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3148011.3154463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3148011.3154463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19376526","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1924540114","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1965158952","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067001863","https://openalex.org/W2069032672","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2172235535","https://openalex.org/W2251056936","https://openalex.org/W2296701362","https://openalex.org/W2404206802","https://openalex.org/W2517654006","https://openalex.org/W2547875792","https://openalex.org/W2548228487","https://openalex.org/W2572789406","https://openalex.org/W2758592353","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964268978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888032422","https://openalex.org/W3156763702","https://openalex.org/W4385421777","https://openalex.org/W4377980832","https://openalex.org/W2897769091","https://openalex.org/W2969215546","https://openalex.org/W3005996785","https://openalex.org/W4297411772","https://openalex.org/W4226298148","https://openalex.org/W4235873501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distractor":[0],"generation":[1],"is":[2,40,57,67],"a":[3,12,92,105],"crucial":[4],"step":[5],"for":[6,97],"fill-in-the-blank":[7],"question":[8,72],"generation.":[9],"We":[10],"propose":[11,104],"generative":[13,18],"model":[14,56],"learned":[15],"from":[16,43,75],"training":[17],"adversarial":[19],"nets":[20],"(GANs)":[21],"to":[22,59,91,108],"create":[23],"useful":[24],"distractors.":[25,64],"Our":[26,65],"method":[27,66,87,96],"utilizes":[28],"only":[29],"context":[30],"information":[31],"and":[32,77,126],"does":[33],"not":[34],"use":[35],"the":[36,51,54,98,110,113,119],"correct":[37],"answer,":[38],"which":[39,116],"completely":[41],"different":[42],"previous":[44],"Ontology-based":[45],"or":[46],"similarity-based":[47],"approaches.":[48],"Trained":[49],"on":[50,69,121],"Wikipedia":[52,76],"corpus,":[53],"proposed":[55],"able":[58],"predict":[60],"Wiki":[61,99],"entities":[62],"as":[63],"evaluated":[68],"two":[70,114],"biology":[71],"datasets":[73],"collected":[74],"actual":[78],"college-level":[79],"exams.":[80],"Experimental":[81],"results":[82],"show":[83],"that":[84],"our":[85],"context-based":[86],"achieves":[88],"comparable":[89],"performance":[90,120],"frequently":[93],"used":[94],"word2vec-based":[95],"dataset.":[100],"In":[101],"addition,":[102],"we":[103],"second-stage":[106],"learner":[107],"combine":[109],"strengths":[111],"of":[112,128],"methods,":[115],"further":[117],"improves":[118],"both":[122],"datasets,":[123],"with":[124],"51.7%":[125],"48.4%":[127],"generated":[129],"distractors":[130],"being":[131],"acceptable.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}