{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2764270235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3140568","title":"Paxos made EPR: decidable reasoning about distributed protocols","display_name":"Paxos made EPR: decidable reasoning about distributed protocols","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2764270235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3140568","mag":"2764270235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3140568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3140568","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3140568&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3140568&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064997169","display_name":"Oded Padon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4209-1635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oded Padon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Israel","Tel Aviv University *"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University *","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040282494","display_name":"Giuliano Losa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuliano Losa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002512849","display_name":"Mooly Sagiv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mooly Sagiv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Israel","Tel Aviv University *"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University *","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102884448","display_name":"Sharon Shoham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-3526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Shoham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Israel","Tel Aviv University *"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University *","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064997169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59642815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"OOPSLA","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decidability","display_name":"Decidability","score":0.8849731087684631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8268502950668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undecidable-problem","display_name":"Undecidable problem","score":0.8148869276046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.7723182439804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5791679620742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5709769129753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.5044785737991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragment","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","score":0.4720279276371002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.44015926122665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3479751646518707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3442038297653198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153269930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430001","display_name":"Decidability","level":2,"score":0.8849731087684631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8268502950668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192034797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502995","display_name":"Undecidable problem","level":3,"score":0.8148869276046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.7723182439804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5791679620742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5709769129753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.5044785737991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4720279276371002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44015926122665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3479751646518707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3442038297653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3140568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3140568","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3140568&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1710.07191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07191","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.07191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2764270235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.07191.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.07191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.07191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3162124224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://2017.splashcon.org/event/splash-2017-oopsla-paxos-made-epr-decidable-reasoning-about-distributed-protocols","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418083","display_name":"Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3140568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3140568","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3140568&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G255924821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1655166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2982765432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"321174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3829048491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4104599821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5593277320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5702163051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8051717526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312914","display_name":"Blavatnik Family Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336526","display_name":"Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03trnsb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2764270235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2764270235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100246148","https://openalex.org/W178138771","https://openalex.org/W1021521453","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1519551513","https://openalex.org/W1533268057","https://openalex.org/W1553511155","https://openalex.org/W1918351269","https://openalex.org/W1973938051","https://openalex.org/W1976401986","https://openalex.org/W1992428285","https://openalex.org/W1992808564","https://openalex.org/W1999468161","https://openalex.org/W2000302396","https://openalex.org/W2015688007","https://openalex.org/W2071964540","https://openalex.org/W2075854425","https://openalex.org/W2080220005","https://openalex.org/W2086862936","https://openalex.org/W2091776255","https://openalex.org/W2112099740","https://openalex.org/W2118726720","https://openalex.org/W2125047630","https://openalex.org/W2132818695","https://openalex.org/W2152465173","https://openalex.org/W2155037890","https://openalex.org/W2159279400","https://openalex.org/W2165900899","https://openalex.org/W2167814583","https://openalex.org/W2182688186","https://openalex.org/W2258893410","https://openalex.org/W2298937928","https://openalex.org/W2410019603","https://openalex.org/W2413344125","https://openalex.org/W2415308240","https://openalex.org/W2516886136","https://openalex.org/W2518474658","https://openalex.org/W2598582440","https://openalex.org/W2735459691","https://openalex.org/W3100217861","https://openalex.org/W4241192608","https://openalex.org/W4241760303","https://openalex.org/W6638306832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162124224","https://openalex.org/W3195634196","https://openalex.org/W2595598880","https://openalex.org/W3033402562","https://openalex.org/W2051073429","https://openalex.org/W224659930","https://openalex.org/W2227507359","https://openalex.org/W1717387230","https://openalex.org/W2591983159","https://openalex.org/W2293100135","https://openalex.org/W2885367050","https://openalex.org/W2486226658","https://openalex.org/W2731393287","https://openalex.org/W2120006639","https://openalex.org/W2807078576","https://openalex.org/W3184417962","https://openalex.org/W2295204596","https://openalex.org/W3161948876","https://openalex.org/W1558489501","https://openalex.org/W2796915325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"protocols":[1,41,98,159,240],"such":[2,34,40,72,87],"as":[3,48,73,128,147],"Paxos":[4,222,254],"play":[5],"an":[6,53,176],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,16,32,46,102],"many":[10],"computer":[11],"systems.":[12],"Therefore,":[13],"a":[14,17,25,81,92,110,173,242],"bug":[15],"distributed":[18],"protocol":[19,61],"may":[20],"have":[21,200],"tremendous":[22],"effects.":[23],"Accordingly,":[24],"lot":[26],"of":[27,39,56,86,123,186,196,208,212,229,250],"effort":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"invested":[31],"verifying":[33],"protocols.":[35,88,104],"However,":[36],"checking":[37],"invariants":[38,64],"is":[42,234],"undecidable":[43],"and":[44,58,63,69,76,99,165,175,210,223,245,255],"hard":[45],"practice,":[47],"it":[49],"requires":[50],"reasoning":[51],"about":[52],"unbounded":[54],"number":[55],"nodes":[57],"messages.":[59],"Moreover,":[60],"actions":[62],"involve":[65],"both":[66],"quantifier":[67],"alternations":[68],"higher-order":[70],"concepts":[71],"set":[74],"cardinalities":[75],"arithmetic.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"makes":[80],"step":[82],"towards":[83],"automatic":[84],"verification":[85,114,249],"We":[89,199],"aim":[90],"at":[91],"technique":[93],"that":[94,179],"can":[95],"verify":[96,205,238],"correct":[97],"identify":[100],"bugs":[101],"incorrect":[103],"To":[105,226],"this":[106,232],"end,":[107],"we":[108],"develop":[109],"methodology":[111,156,203],"for":[112,153],"deductive":[113],"based":[115],"on":[116],"effectively":[117],"propositional":[118],"logic":[119,125],"(EPR)\u2014a":[120],"decidable":[121,181,243],"fragment":[122],"first-order":[124,163],"(also":[126],"known":[127],"the":[129,139,169,187,194,197,206,227,235,246],"Bernays-Sch\u00f6nfinkel-Ramsey":[130],"class).":[131],"In":[132],"addition":[133],"to":[134,144,171,182,204,237],"decidability,":[135],"EPR":[136],"also":[137,190],"enjoys":[138],"finite":[140,148],"model":[141,170,174],"property,":[142],"allowing":[143],"display":[145],"violations":[146],"structures":[149],"which":[150],"are":[151,180,189],"intuitive":[152],"users.":[154],"Our":[155],"involves":[157],"modeling":[158],"using":[160,241],"general":[161],"(uninterpreted)":[162],"logic,":[164,244],"then":[166],"systematically":[167],"transforming":[168],"obtain":[172],"inductive":[177],"invariant":[178],"check.":[183],"The":[184],"steps":[185],"transformations":[188],"mechanically":[191],"checked,":[192],"ensuring":[193],"soundness":[195],"method.":[198],"used":[201],"our":[202,230],"safety":[207],"Paxos,":[209,218,220,252],"several":[211],"its":[213],"variants,":[214],"including":[215],"Multi-Paxos,":[216],"Vertical":[217,251],"Fast":[219,253],"Flexible":[221],"Stoppable":[224,256],"Paxos.":[225,257],"best":[228],"knowledge,":[231],"work":[233],"first":[236,247],"these":[239],"formal":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}