{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770617898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3139922","title":"Building Efficient Key-Value Stores via a Lightweight Compaction Tree","display_name":"Building Efficient Key-Value Stores via a Lightweight Compaction Tree","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770617898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3139922","mag":"2770617898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3139922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3139922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158124317","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","issn_l":"1553-3077","issn":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080496529","display_name":"Ting Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9358-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101704688","display_name":"Jiguang Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-9475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiguang Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065112838","display_name":"Ping Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-4663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801004183","display_name":"Temple College","ror":"https://ror.org/038s1ax16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087956045","display_name":"Xubin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801004183","display_name":"Temple College","ror":"https://ror.org/038s1ax16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xubin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125860","display_name":"Fei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-4714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329127","display_name":"Changsheng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080496529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85145222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8481130599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5525524616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5387988686561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compaction","display_name":"Compaction","score":0.4133187532424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32216978073120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23523548245429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.076483815908432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8481130599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5525524616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5387988686561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.4133187532424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32216978073120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23523548245429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.076483815908432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3139922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3139922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158124317","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","issn_l":"1553-3077","issn":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1615732474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61472152, No.61300047, No.61432007, and No.61572209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2864717213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. B07038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2971441900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HUST:2015QN069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6318763344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.CNS-1702474 and CNS-1700719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501153472","https://openalex.org/W1533567700","https://openalex.org/W1822909891","https://openalex.org/W1977207528","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W1990067820","https://openalex.org/W1994626422","https://openalex.org/W2027524778","https://openalex.org/W2029131452","https://openalex.org/W2033988919","https://openalex.org/W2035735180","https://openalex.org/W2068739275","https://openalex.org/W2077850713","https://openalex.org/W2087946700","https://openalex.org/W2102148930","https://openalex.org/W2110423232","https://openalex.org/W2120941487","https://openalex.org/W2125901106","https://openalex.org/W2149509741","https://openalex.org/W2150013559","https://openalex.org/W2155256331","https://openalex.org/W2171430754","https://openalex.org/W2175509047","https://openalex.org/W2191910021","https://openalex.org/W2267406438","https://openalex.org/W2295704740","https://openalex.org/W2340180178","https://openalex.org/W2413339885","https://openalex.org/W2520794143","https://openalex.org/W2530373298","https://openalex.org/W2594680891","https://openalex.org/W2604540366","https://openalex.org/W2624304035","https://openalex.org/W2908506243","https://openalex.org/W2998553639","https://openalex.org/W3160805206","https://openalex.org/W4254234063","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3013719031","https://openalex.org/W3140187064","https://openalex.org/W2028550458","https://openalex.org/W2378755530","https://openalex.org/W585895904","https://openalex.org/W2004528270","https://openalex.org/W2485606874","https://openalex.org/W2087846525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Log-Structure":[0],"Merge":[1],"tree":[2,61],"(LSM-tree)":[3],"has":[4,205],"been":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,17,28,65,167,183],"the":[8,26,45,50,71,76,95,143,155,161,173,179,184],"mainstream":[9],"indexes":[10],"in":[11,21,89,213],"key-value":[12,110,176],"systems":[13],"supporting":[14],"a":[15,58,63,90,165],"variety":[16],"write-intensive":[18],"Internet":[19],"applications":[20],"today\u2019s":[22],"data":[23,88],"centers.":[24],"However,":[25],"performance":[27,51,211],"LSM-tree":[29,66],"is":[30,134,189],"seriously":[31],"hampered":[32],"by":[33,54,86,164,192],"constantly":[34],"occurring":[35],"compaction":[36,60,81,157],"procedures,":[37],"which":[38],"incur":[39],"significant":[40],"write":[41,46,72,84,162,181],"amplification":[42,73,85,146,163],"and":[43,74,92,126,150,208,224,228,233],"degrade":[44],"throughput.":[47,78],"To":[48],"alleviate":[49],"degradation":[52],"caused":[53],"compactions,":[55],"we":[56,106],"introduce":[57],"lightweight":[59,80,156],"(LWC-tree),":[62],"variant":[64],"index":[67],"optimized":[68,136],"for":[69,137],"minimizing":[70],"maximizing":[75],"system":[77],"The":[79,132],"drastically":[82],"decreases":[83],"appending":[87],"table":[91],"only":[93],"merging":[94],"metadata":[96],"that":[97],"have":[98,107],"much":[99],"smaller":[100],"size.":[101],"Using":[102],"our":[103],"proposed":[104],"LWC-tree,":[105],"implemented":[108],"three":[109],"LWC-stores":[111],"on":[112,186,200],"different":[113,217],"storage":[114,218],"mediums":[115,219],"including":[116,216],"Shingled":[117],"Magnetic":[118],"Recording":[119],"(SMR)":[120],"drives,":[121,139],"Solid":[122],"State":[123],"Drives":[124,130],"(SSD),":[125],"conventional":[127,201],"Hard":[128],"Disk":[129],"(HDDs).":[131],"LWC-store":[133,159],"particularly":[135],"SMR":[138,151,187],"as":[140],"it":[141],"eliminates":[142],"multiplicative":[144],"I/O":[145],"from":[147],"both":[148],"LSM-trees":[149],"drives.":[152],"Due":[153],"to":[154,169,172,194],"procedure,":[158],"reduces":[160],"factor":[166],"up":[168,193],"5\u00d7":[170],"compared":[171,197],"popular":[174],"LevelDB":[175,199],"store.":[177],"Moreover,":[178],"random":[180],"throughput":[182],"LWC-tree":[185,204],"drives":[188],"significantly":[190],"improved":[191],"467%":[195],"even":[196],"with":[198],"HDDs.":[202],"Furthermore,":[203],"wide":[206],"applicability":[207],"delivers":[209],"impressive":[210],"improvement":[212],"various":[214,225],"conditions,":[215],"(i.e.,":[220,231],"SMR,":[221],"HDD,":[222],"SSD)":[223],"value":[226],"sizes":[227],"access":[229],"patterns":[230],"uniform":[232],"Zipfian).":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}