{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964296984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3138818","title":"Learning to blame: localizing novice type errors with data-driven diagnosis","display_name":"Learning to blame: localizing novice type errors with data-driven diagnosis","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964296984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3138818","mag":"2964296984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3138818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3138818","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3138818&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3138818&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084805025","display_name":"Eric L. Seidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-7790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric L. Seidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072227467","display_name":"Huma Sibghat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huma Sibghat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010790447","display_name":"Kamalika Chaudhuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9646-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamalika Chaudhuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002412544","display_name":"Ranjit Jhala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-9421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranjit Jhala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084805025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95977092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"OOPSLA","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blame","display_name":"Blame","score":0.8088732361793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7518479824066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.7177789211273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.555051326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.552064061164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5263164043426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5222102999687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.47310328483581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-inference","display_name":"Type inference","score":0.457851767539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45489898324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4391440749168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-and-type-ii-errors","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","score":0.42514926195144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3479928970336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3328358232975006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11486795544624329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10880863666534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10184574127197266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621695","display_name":"Blame","level":2,"score":0.8088732361793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7518479824066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.7177789211273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.555051326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.552064061164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5263164043426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5222102999687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47310328483581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.457851767539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45489898324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4391440749168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40696583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989120","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","level":2,"score":0.42514926195144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3479928970336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3328358232975006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11486795544624329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10880863666534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10184574127197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3138818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3138818","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3138818&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3138818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3138818","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3138818&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3037992059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1422471,CCF-1223850,CCF-1218344,CCF-1116289,CCF-0954024,IIS-1617157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3743283427","display_name":"TWC: Small: New Foundations for Secure JavaScript","funder_award_id":"1223850","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6644523292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-121834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6968285365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","funder_display_name":"U.S. Air Force"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8154076970","display_name":"SHF: Small: Next-Generation, Dependent Type-based Software Model Checking for C","funder_award_id":"1218344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8470577276","display_name":"SHF: Small: Synthesizing Human-Readable Documentation","funder_award_id":"1116289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8826023445","display_name":"SHF: Small: Refinement Types For Verified Web Frameworks and Applications","funder_award_id":"1422471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8870064674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1116289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G929188008","display_name":"CAREER:  Scalable and Trustworthy Automatic Program Repair","funder_award_id":"0954024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G930562400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0954024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964296984.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964296984.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33252908","https://openalex.org/W77592238","https://openalex.org/W1489462846","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1568497055","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1912598576","https://openalex.org/W1967698620","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1999764179","https://openalex.org/W2011725693","https://openalex.org/W2015725579","https://openalex.org/W2019388039","https://openalex.org/W2029079408","https://openalex.org/W2040900440","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2045041259","https://openalex.org/W2045313089","https://openalex.org/W2049424119","https://openalex.org/W2050238751","https://openalex.org/W2062727459","https://openalex.org/W2068336423","https://openalex.org/W2087272670","https://openalex.org/W2103018059","https://openalex.org/W2114692640","https://openalex.org/W2122537103","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2128049346","https://openalex.org/W2134093956","https://openalex.org/W2142403498","https://openalex.org/W2143522309","https://openalex.org/W2143861926","https://openalex.org/W2143960295","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2153418968","https://openalex.org/W2156981320","https://openalex.org/W2162045655","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2164778826","https://openalex.org/W2168280960","https://openalex.org/W2170257749","https://openalex.org/W2187961666","https://openalex.org/W2343875716","https://openalex.org/W2444132761","https://openalex.org/W2467903332","https://openalex.org/W2488899953","https://openalex.org/W2537680118","https://openalex.org/W2608702473","https://openalex.org/W2750491624","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2896556344","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912749578","https://openalex.org/W2996075572","https://openalex.org/W3085162807","https://openalex.org/W3088121894","https://openalex.org/W3143855017","https://openalex.org/W3146720657","https://openalex.org/W4230662430","https://openalex.org/W4237372041","https://openalex.org/W4244945045","https://openalex.org/W4251653239","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4393819010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379153735","https://openalex.org/W155568406","https://openalex.org/W4231203413","https://openalex.org/W3024440194","https://openalex.org/W2528395219","https://openalex.org/W2046172023","https://openalex.org/W2170146914","https://openalex.org/W2972896947","https://openalex.org/W4387792618","https://openalex.org/W3102142559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Localizing":[0],"type":[1,9,13],"errors":[2],"is":[3,65,130,135],"challenging":[4],"in":[5],"languages":[6],"with":[7],"global":[8],"inference,":[10],"as":[11],"the":[12,20,63,78,99,102,126,140,149,161,173,183],"checker":[14],"must":[15],"make":[16],"assumptions":[17],"about":[18],"what":[19],"programmer":[21],"intended":[22],"to":[23,31,56,68,80,98,137],"do.":[24],"We":[25,91,122],"introduce":[26],"Nate,":[27],"a":[28,40,59,72,82,105],"data-driven":[29,133],"approach":[30],"error":[32,64],"localization":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35,104],"supervised":[36],"learning.":[37],"Nate":[38,76,93],"analyzes":[39],"large":[41],"corpus":[42],"of":[43,48,61,84,101,107,117,148],"training":[44],"data":[45],"--":[46,55],"pairs":[47],"ill-typed":[49,74,110],"programs":[50,112],"and":[51,156,177],"their":[52],"\"fixed\"":[53],"versions":[54],"automatically":[57],"learn":[58],"model":[60,79,134],"where":[62],"most":[66],"likely":[67],"be":[69,145],"found.":[70],"Given":[71],"new":[73],"program,":[75],"executes":[77],"generate":[81],"list":[83],"potential":[85],"blame":[86,128],"assignments":[87],"ranked":[88],"by":[89,94],"likelihood.":[90],"evaluate":[92],"comparing":[95],"its":[96],"precision":[97],"state":[100],"art":[103],"set":[106],"over":[108],"5,000":[109],"OCaml":[111,155],"drawn":[113],"from":[114],"two":[115,175],"instances":[116],"an":[118],"introductory":[119],"programming":[120],"course.":[121],"show":[123],"that":[124,143],"when":[125,170],"top-ranked":[127],"assignment":[129],"considered,":[131],"Nate's":[132,166],"able":[136],"correctly":[138],"predict":[139],"exact":[141],"sub-expression":[142],"should":[144],"changed":[146],"72%":[147],"time,":[150],"28":[151],"points":[152,158],"higher":[153,159],"than":[154,160],"16":[157],"state-of-the-art":[162],"SHErrLoc":[163],"tool.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"accuracy":[167],"surpasses":[168],"85%":[169],"we":[171,181],"consider":[172,182],"top":[174,184],"locations":[176],"reaches":[178],"91%":[179],"if":[180],"three.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
